Paradox-悖论

Examples•Arichmanisnoricherthanabeggar.•Youcansavemoneybyspendingit.•I'maliar.HowdoyouknowifI'mtellingthetruth?•There'snosuchthingasequality.•I'mnobody.DefinitionofparadoxParadoxisafigureofspeechinwhichastatementappearstobeself-contradictory,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinct(精炼的)point.CategoriesRhetoricalparadox“Icanresistanythingexcepttemptation”---OscarWilde“spiesdonotlooklikespies---G.K.ChestertonLiteraryparadox“Thepike(梭子鱼)flewtothetreetosingTheliteralmeaningisillogical,buttherearemanyinterpretationsforthismetaphor.•coldasfirehotasice•Thisisanexampleofaparadoxicalsaying,whereyougivetwothingswhicharetheoppositeofeachother.Oddlyenough,somethingthatisveryhotandsomethingthatisverycoldwithbothburnyourskin.Itisaparadox,butonebasedonillogic,falseassumptionsorpointofview.Asophism(诡辩)thatcanleadtofurtherfaultyreasoning.Itistrueextremelyhotandextremelycolddocauseaburn,bothphysicallyandasasensation（感觉）.Thatwewouldcallanapparentparadoxbecauseoflackofsupportingknowledgeorwrongassumptions.Thenwehavetoask,whatisthenatureofaphysicalburn.Isaburnreallyareactiontoextremesintemperature?ifso,doweneedanalternativenameforthecondition?Alternatively,thetemperatureofahearthfire,iscoldincomparisontothesun'stemperature.IceishotcomparedtothedepthsofspaceorLiquidnitrogen(氮).AdoptionInsongsInworksInpoetryBritneySpearsusedthisparadoxinhersongColdasFire.Astowhatshemeantwecanonlyspeculate.Attractivewomensometimesactcool,(orevencoldasareactiontounwantedmaleattention).Somemenrespondtothiscoolnesswithevenmorepassion.ButColdnessislikelytoputcertainfiresout.Forsaintshavehandsthatpilgrims'handsdotouchandpalmtopalmisholypalmer'skiss.神明的手本许信徒接触，掌心的密合远胜如亲吻。---RomeoandJulietMeaning:TensionatthesurfaceofaversecanleadtoapparentcontradictionsandhypocrisiesWhycanparadoxusedinpoetry：WordsaremutableandmeaningshiftswhenwordsareplacedinrelationtooneanotherThespecialfunctionofparadoxinpoetry:Inthewritingofpoems,paradoxisusedasamethodbywhichunlikelycomparisonscanbedrawnandmeaningcanbeextracted（摘录）frompoemsbothstraightforward（坦率的）andenigmatic(神秘的).ItisabeauteouseveningItisabeauteousevening,calmandfree,TheholytimeisquietasaNunBreathlesswithadoration;thebroadsunIssinkingdowninitsreanquillity;Thegentlenessofheavenbroodso'ertheSea:Listen!ThemightyBeingisawake,AnddothwithhiseternalmotionmakeAsoundlikethunder-everlastingly.DearChild!dearGirl!thatwalkestwithmehere,Ifthouappearuntouchedbysolemnthought,Thynatureisnotthereforelessdivine:ThouliestinAbraham'sbosomalltheyear,Andworship'stattheTemple'sinnershrine,Godbeingwiththeewhenweknowitnot.---WilliamWordsworthWemayoutlinetheinitialandsurfaceconflict,whichisthatthespeakerisfilledwithworship,whilehisfemalecompaniondoesnotseemtobe.Theparadox,discoveredbythepoem'send,isthatthegirlismorefullofworshipthanthespeakerpreciselybecausesheisalwaysconsumedwithsympathyfornatureandnot-asisthespeaker-intunewithnaturewhileimmersedinit.AlistofparadoxesCrocodileDilemmaDrinkerparadoxLotteryparadoxUnexpectedhangingparadoxIfacrocodilestealsachildandpromisesitsreturnifthefathercancorrectlyguesswhatthecrocodilewilldo,howshouldthecrocodilerespondinthecasethatthefatherguessesthatthechildwillnotbereturned?Catch-22(logic):Inneedofsomethingwhichcanonlybehadbynotbeinginneedofit.Inanypubthereisacustomersuchthat,ifheorshedrinks,everybodyinthepubdrinks.Paradoxofentailment:Inconsistentpremisesalwaysmakeanargumentvalid.Thereisonewinningticketinalargelottery.Itisreasonabletobelieveofaparticularlotteryticketthatitisnotthewinningticket,sincetheprobabilitythatitisthewinnerissoverysmall.Butitisobviouslynotreasonabletobelievethatnolotteryticketwillwin.Ravenparadox(orHempel'sRavens):Observingagreenappleincreasesthelikelihoodofallravensbeingblack.Thedayofthehangingwillbeasurprise,soitcannothappenatall,soitwillbeasurprise.ThesurpriseexaminationandBottleImpparadoxusesimilarlogic.Examples•Ifwewantpeace,bepreparedforwar.想要和平，先准备好战争。(比较：练武是为了不动武。不赌为赢－－[某赌王的遗言])•There’snothingpermanentinlifebutchange.变是唯一的不变。(比较：世上除了骗子是真的，其它都是假的。)•Acreakinggatehangslong.病夫多长命。(比较：善游者溺，善骑者堕。)•Stillwatersrundeep.静水流深。（深水流静）(比较：大智若愚；大辩稀音。)•Themoreyougive,themoreyouhave.奉献越多越富有(如爱心)。(比较：赠人玫瑰，手留余香。)•We’velearnedfromhistorythatwe‘velearnednothingfromhistory.我们从历史中学到的教训就是：我们从历史中什么也没有学到。(比较：程教授教课的规律就是没有规律。)•Sometimesyouhavetobecrueltobekind.有时，为了实现你的善意，你不得不残酷无情。(比较：打是亲，骂是爱。)•Sometimesthemosturgentandvitalthingyoushoulddoistotakeacompleterest.有时，你应做的最紧迫/重要的事就是彻底休息一下。(比较：不会休息的人，就不会工作。找不到时间休息的人，迟早会找到时间生病。)•TheteachersofEnglishinChinateachEnglishsopoorlylargerlybecausetheyteachgrammarsowell.在中国，老师教英语教得这么差，主要由于他们教语法教得太好了。•Agoodteacherisonewhodoesallhecantomakehimselfunnecessary.一个好老师应努力使自己成为学生不需要的人。•Peoplehaveonethingincommon:theyarealldifferent.所有人都有一个共同点：他们都是不同的。•Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速则不达