Unite1CAD/CAM计算机辅助设计与制造CAD/CAMisatermwhichmeanscomputer-aideddesignandcomputer-aidedmanufacturing.CAD/CAM是表示计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造的专业术语。Itisthetechnologyconcernedwiththeuseofdigitalcomputerstoperformcertainfunctionsindesignandproduction.它是一种使用计算机完成某些设计和生产功能的技术。Thistechnologyismovinginthedirectionofgreaterintegrationofdesignandmanufacturing,twoactivitieswhichhavetraditionallybeentreatedasdistinctandseparatefunctionsinaproductionfirm.在企业中,人名通常把设计和制造视为两项有着明显不同职能的分工,而这项技术正朝着设计与制造的更大程度一体化方向发展。Ultimately,CAD/CAMwillprovidethetechnologybaseforthecomputer-integratedfactoryofthefuture.最终,CAD/CAM将会为未来的计算机集成工厂提供技术基础。Computer-aideddesign(CAD)canbedefinedastheuseofcomputersystemstoassistthecreation,modification,analysis,oroptimizationofadesign.计算机辅助设计(CAD)可定义为运用计算机系统对设计的创意、修改、分析、优化予以辅助。Thecomputersystemsconsistofthehardwareandsoftwaretoperformthespecializeddesignfunctionsrequiredbytheparticularuserfirm.这些由硬件和软件够成的计算机系统,用于完成用户公司的特定设计功能。TheCADhardwaretypicallyincludesthecomputeroneormoregraphicsdisplayterminals,keyboards,andotherperipheralequipment.CAD硬件通常包括:一台计算机,一个或多个图形显示终端,键盘和其他外围设备。TheCADsoftwareconsistsofthecomputerprogramstoimplementcomputergraphicstofacilitatetheengineeringfunctionsoftheusercompany.Examplesoftheseapplicationprogramsincludestress-strainanalysisofcomponents,dynamicresponseofmechanisms,heat-transfercalculations,andnumericalcontrolpartprogramming.CAD软件包括各种计算机绘图程序,这些程序便于用户公司完成设计职能。如:零部件的应变分析,机构的动态响应,热传输计算和数控零件编程。Thecollectionofapplicationprogramswillvaryfromoneuserfirmtothenextbecausetheirproductlines,manufacturingprocesses,andcustomermarketsaredifferent.由于用户的生产流程、制造工艺和销售市场方面的差异,应用程序的配置也将因用户而异。ThesefactorsgiverisetodifferencesinCADsystemrequirements.这些因素均导致对CAD系统要求的差异性。Computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)canbedefinedastheuseofcomputersystemstoplan,manage,andcontroltheoperationsofamanufacturingplantthrougheitherdirectorindicatedcomputerinterfacewiththeplant’sproductionresources.计算机辅助制造(CAM)可定义为通过直接或者间接与厂家生产资源相适应的计算机界面,使用计算机系统来规划、管理和控制制造工厂的运行。Asindicatedbythedefinition,theapplicationsofcomputer-aidedmanufacturingfallintotwobroadcategories:1.Computermonitoringandcontrol.2.Manufacturingsupportapplications.正如定义所表明的那样,CAM运用程序可分为两大类:1.计算机监控程序;2.制造程序。Thedistinctionbetweenthetwocategoriesisfundamentaltoanunderstandingofcomputer-aidedmanufacturing.两者的区别是理解计算机扶着制造的基础。Inadditiontotheapplicationsinvolvingadirectcomputer-processinterfaceforthepurposeofprocessmonitoringandcontrol,computer-aidedmanufacturingalsoincludesindirectapplicationsinwhichthecomputerservesasupportroleinthemanufacturingoperationsoftheplant.计算机辅助制造的应用程序,除了为监控制造过程而直接使用计算机处理界面的应用程序之外,还包括在工厂生产运行过程中由计算机提供支持的间接应用程序。Intheseapplications,thecomputerisnotlinkeddirectlytothemanufacturingprocess.在这些应用程序中,计算机并不直接与制造过程相联系。Instead,thecomputerisused“off-line”toprovideplans,schedules,forecasts,instructions,andinformationbywhichthefirm’sproductionresourcescanbemanagedmoreeffectively.相反,在脱机状态下,计算机可用来提供计划书、进度表、报表、指令和使厂家生产资源管理更加有效地信息资料。Theformofrelationshipbetweenthecomputerandtheprocessisrepresentedsymbolicallyinthefuturegivenbelow.计算机和制造过程间的关系如下图所示。Dashedlinesareusedtoindicatethatthecommunicationandcontrollinkisanoff-lineconnection,withhumanbeingsarepresentlyrequiredtoconsummatetheinterface.图中虚线用来说明交流和控制处于脱机状态下,需要人来完善界面。However,humanbeingsarepresentlyrequiredintheapplicationeithertoprovideinputtothecomputerprogramsortointerpretthecomputeroutputandimplementtherequiredaction.然而,目前CAM的应用需要由人来为计算机输入程序,解释计算机的输出,并采取所要求的措施。Unite23GThemobilecommunicationindustryhasevolvedinthreestages:Analog,DigitalandMultimediastage.移动通讯业的发展经历了三个阶段,即模拟、数码和多媒体阶段。Theyarethethreegenerationsofmobilephones,witheachsuccessivegenerationmorereliableandflexiblethanthelast.它们也是移动电话发展的三个时代,每一代都比上一代具有更高的可靠性和更大的灵活性。First,analogcellularcouldeasilybeusedtomakevoicetransmitand(itisused)typicallyonlyinonecountry.首先,模拟式蜂窝电话可以轻易地进行声音传送,尤其是只在一个国家内进行的传送。Then,digitalmobilephonesystemsaddlowdata-rateservicelikeshortmessageservice(SMS)besidesvoicecommunicationsinmanycountries.其次,数码移动电话系统在许多国家除了提供有声通讯服务外,还增加了低速数据服务,如短信服务。Followingontheheelsofanaloganddigitaltechnology,multimediaservicesaddhighspeeddatatransfertomobiledevices,allowingaudio,video,graphicandotherapplications,evenTVprogramsandtheInternettobeaccessedthroughamobileterminal.紧随模拟和数码技术之后,多媒体服务为移动电话业务增加了高速数据传输功能,使得音频、视频、图文和其他应用,甚至电视节目和互联网可以接入到移动电话终端。Finally,basedonCDMAtechnology,acommonstandardformobilemultimediacalledtheThirdGeneration(3G)hasarrived.最终,在码分多址(CDMA)无线通讯技术的基础上,一个移动通讯多媒体通用标准,即3G诞生了。PacketeverywhereWith3G,theinformationissplitintoseperatebutrelatedpacketsbeforebeingtransmittedandreassembledatthereceivingend.信息包无处不在。有了3G技术,信心在传输前被分解为独立而有相关的信息包,在接收端再重新组合。Packetswitchingissimilartoajigsawpuzzle.Theimagethatthepuzzlerepresentsisdividedintopiecesatthemanufacturingfactoryandputintoaplasticbag.信息包交换的过程类似于一个益智拼图游戏。该游戏中的图案在生产厂家被分解为许多拼合小图并装入胶袋。Duringtransportationoftheboxedjigsawfromthefactorytotheenduser,thepiecesgetjumbledup.游戏拼版在由生产厂家运送到游戏使用者手中的过程中混在一起。Whentherecipientemptiesthebagwithallthepieces,theyarereassembledtoformtheoriginalimage.收货人从胶袋中倒出所有的小图板之后,图板又被重