语言学教程胡壮麟考研笔记

Unit1invitationstolinguistics1.Designfeaturesoflanguage:Thedesignfeatures:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimalsArbitrarinessTheabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer./Theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Arbitrarinessrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning.(e.g.murmurous/murderous)ArbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevelFunctionalistsholdthatthemoststrictlyarbitraryleveloflanguageexistedinthedistinctiveunitsofsoundsbywhichwedistinguishpairsofwordslikepinandbin,orfishanddish.(e.g.Asthenightfell,thewindrose.)ArbitrarinessandconventionConvention:itisanidiom------itisaconventiontosaythingslikethisway.(WheninRome,doasromansdo.)Duality:Thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunits(wordsandphrase)andmeaninglesssegments(soundandletters)Thesecondaryunitsaremeaninglessandtheprimaryunitsaremeaningful.Trafficlightsystemdoesnothaveduality:itcannotbedividedintomeaninglessunits,soitonlyhasprimarylevellikeanimals.Alargenumberofmeaningfulunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements----productivepower.CreativityThespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.It’spotentialtocreateendlesssentences.(recursiveness)DisplacementTheabilityoflanguageenabletheiruserssymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.2.OriginoflanguageThe“bow-bow”theory:imitatingofanimalcallsinwildenvironmentThe“pooh-pooh”theory:theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.The“yo-he-yo”theory:asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.3.Functionsoflanguage：Informativefunction:totellandtogivesomethingoutInterpersonalfunction:(人际功能)bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Forexample,thewayinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves.DearSir……Performativefunction:theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,suchasinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminalsandcursingofenemiesEmotivefunction:(alsocalledexpressivefunction)utteredwithoutanypurposeofcommunicatingtoothers,butessentiallyaverbalresponsetoaperson’sownfeeling.Phaticcommunion:Itreferstosocialinteractionoflanguage.Broadlyspeakingitreferstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations,suchasslangs,jokes,jargon…….Recreationalfunction:Theuseoflanguageforheartyjoyofusingit.Metalingualfunction:Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.(self-reflexive)wehumanbeingscantalkabouttalkingandcanthinkaboutthinking.Forexample:Tobehonest,tomakealongstoryshort,inaword.4.Mainbranchesoflinguistics:PhoneticsItstudiesspeechsound,includingtheproductionofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech……PhonologyItisthestudyofasubsetofthosesoundsthatconstitutelanguageandmeaning.Itstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandshapeofsyllables.MorphologyItisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Forexample:Thedogseestherabbit.InEnglish,differentordergivesdifferentmeaning.However,inLatinandalsoinRussian,dogandrabbittakeonsomemorphologicalendingsdependingonwhethertheyaresubjectorobject.So,differentsentenceorderdidnotchangeitsmeaning.SyntaxItisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.Forexample:Thechildrenwatched[thefireworkfromthehill].Thechildrenwatched[thefirework][fromthehill].SemanticsExaminehowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Itisnotonlyconcernedwithmeaningsofwordsaslexicalitems,butalsowithlevelsoflanguagebelowwordsandaboveit,suchasmeaningofmorphemesandsentences.PragmaticsThestudyofmeaningincontext.5.MacrolinguisticsPsycholinguistics(心理语言学)Itinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）Itisthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.Anthropologicallinguistics（人类语言学）Anthropologicallinguistareconcernedwiththeemergenceoflanguageandalsothedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.Computationallinguistics（计算机语言学）Theuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.6.ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptiveanddescriptiveThedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsareandhowthingsoughttobe.Descriptive:Tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofpatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.Peopledon’tsayX.Prescriptive:Tomakeauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.Don’tsayXSynchronicanddiachronicSynchronic(共时)Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”oftime.Forexample:thestructureofShakespeare’sEnglish.Diachronic（历时）Saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.Forexample:PejorativesensedevelopmentinEnglish