定语从句和同位语从句

RelativeandAppositiveClauses定语从句和同位语从句定语从句•一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词常有3个作用：•1）引导定语从句2）代替先行词3）在定语从句中担当一个成分•二.关系代词引导的定语从句•1.who指人，在从句中做主语e.g.TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。e.g.Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略•3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略e.g.Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。e.g.Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.•Whereisthebox(that/which)Isawthismorning?•5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语•e.g.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替e.g.Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.•三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句•关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导e.g.Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.•注意：1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等e.g.Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)•2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whosee.g.Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)•3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.•四．关系副词引导的定语从句•1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool•2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn•3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.•注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换e.g.Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewanted.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn•五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，是对先行词的补充不可删除说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上A.做宾语时可省略B.可用thatC．可用who代替whome.g.Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.•难点分析（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1．当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who•2.当先行词被序数词修饰ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who•5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?同位语从句•在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：Iheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere．我不知道你在这里。•可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility等。如：I’vecomefromMr.Wangwithamessagethathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon．•我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了•英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词that，whether，连接副词how,when,where等。（注：if通常不引导同位语从句。）如：lhavenoideaWhenhewillbeback．我不知道他什么时候回来。Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoifornot.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。•有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：Severalyearslater，wordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem．几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity．他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。同位语从句与定语从句的区别。•1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：•Thenewsthatlhovepassedtheexamistrue．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）Thenewsthathetoldmejustnowistrue．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）•2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：Theideathatcomputerscanrecognizehumanvoicessurprisesmanypeople.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）Theideathathegavesurprisesmanypeople．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）