西方文化背景-文艺复兴(英文)[1]

1TheRenaissanceCulture2EarlyModernEnglishTherenaissancewastherevivaloftheancientcultureofGreekandLatin.ScholartranslatedliteraturefromLatinandGreekintoEnglish,soover10000LatinandGreekwords(A.C.BaughandT.Cable,1946:221)enteredtheEnglishlanguage,whichcontributedtothevocabularyofModernEnglish.3IIHistoricalBackgroundTimeline1474WilliamCaxtonprintedthefirstbookinEnglish1485FoundingofTudorDynasty1532-34HenryVIIIdivorced,declaredhimselfassupremeheadoftheChurchofEngland4IIHistoricalBackground1558DeathofMary,accessionofElizabethI1576ThefirstplayhousebuiltinLondon1588DefeatoftheSpanishArmada,apexofEngland1603DeathofElizabethI,accessionofJamesI5Historicalbackground:Thebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism;Theenclosure;thewaroftheRoses;thestrengtheningoftheabsolutemonarchy;theriseofthebourgeoisie;thedefeatoftheSpanishArmada.Newsocialandeconomicconditionsbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthedevelopmentofscienceandart.Sowiththestrengtheningofnewbourgeoisnationalstate,thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationalcultureknownastheRenaissance.6Ⅰ.TheRenaissance:ARebirthofLeaningRenaissance,Frenchforrebirth“or“revival”,perfectlydescribestheintellectualandeconomicchangesthatoccurredinEuropebetween14-17centuriesAtonetimemanyhistoriansheldthattheRenaissancesignifiedasharpbreakwiththeprecedingmedievalperiod.MorerecentlysomescholarshaveargueditwasanevolutionarychangefromtheMiddleAges7Whatdoes“Renaissance”mean?Generallyitreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid17thcentury.ThetermRenaissance,isadoptedfromtheFrenchequivalentoftheItalianword“Rinascimento”.Literally:“rebirth”.8Ⅱ.DistinctiveFeaturesbeganwiththerediscoveryoftheGreco-RomancivilizationEmphasizedreason,aquestioningattitude,experimentation,andfreeinquiry(rationalism)Glorifiedtheindividualandapprovedworldlypleasures,andfocusedattentionuponsecularmatters(humanism)9Featuredgreatachievementsinliterature,art,andscience,andtheartstressedsymmetryandgraceStartedinItaly,especiallyFlorence,andinthe15thcenturyspreadtoFrance,theGermanstates,Holland,Spain,andEngland10Humanism:TheRenaissancewasmarkedbythespreadofhumanism,thekeynote(thegreatspirit)ofRenaissance.ItsprangasaresultofrediscoveryandrestudyoftheGreekandRomancivilizationwhichisbasedontheconceptionthatthemanisthemeasureofallthings,theman-centeredculture.Itstandsfordevotiontothehumanevaluesrepresentedinclassicalliterature.11AculturalandintellectualmovementoftheRenaissancethatemphasizedsecularconcernsasaresultoftherediscoveryandstudyoftheliterature,art,andcivilizationofancientGreeceandRome.AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophywastheassertion（坚持，断言）ofthegreatnessofman.Intellectualsofhumanistbelievedinthepromotionofwealth,pleasureandafrankadmirationforthebeautyofhumanbody.Man’sinterestwasshiftedfromChristianitytoHumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromheaventoearth,frombeautyofGodtothebeautyofthehumanbodyinallitsjoysandpains,sensesandfeelings.12StartofRenaissanceRenaissancehappenedgraduallyatdifferentplacesatdifferenttimes.Themovementoccurredindifferentcountrieswithdifferentemphasis.TheimpactwithItalywasmostlyinfinearts.（艺术—指诗歌、音乐、绘画、雕塑、建筑等）InFranceitwasliterature.InEnglanditwasphilosophyanddrama.ThestartingplaceoftheRenaissanceisalmostuniversallyascribedto（把…归于）CentralItaly,especiallythecityofFlorence.Italy—cradleoftheRenaissance.13RenaissanceinItalyLiteratureandPoetryFrancescoPetrarch（彼特拉克）(1304.7.20–19,1374.7.19)anItalianscholar,poet,andoneofthegreatesthumanistsduringtheRenaissance.aprimemover（发动者）intherecoveryofknowledgefromwritersofRomeandGreece.HeandDantearebothconsideredthefathersoftheRenaissance.14GiovanniBoccaccio（卜伽丘）(1313-1375)anItalianauthorandpoet,theauthorofthegreatworkDecameron（《十日谈》）TheDecameron:fullofpraisesoftrueloveandwisdomandsatireonthehypocrisyofthepriestandthearistocrat.Withthisbook,thecourtlythemesofmedievalliteraturebegantogivewaytothevoiceandmoresofearlymodernsociety.15Boccaccio(1313?-1375)Italian,livedinFlorenceduringhisformativeyears.Hisbestknownworkisacollectionofshortstories,TheDecameron16RenaissanceArtThedistinctfeaturesoftheRenaissanceArt1.Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch.2.Themesofpaintingchangedfrompurelycelestial（天上的，神圣的）realmtoanappreciationofnature&man.3.StudiesoftheruinsofRomanandGreektempleswerecarriedoutandtheprinciplesofancientcivilizationwerepracticed.4.Artistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomy（解剖学）andperspective（透视法）.17EarlyRenaissanceArtistsGiotto(乔托）Donatello（多那太罗）FilippoBrunelleschi(伯鲁乃列斯基)SandroBotticelli（波提切利）Giorgione(GiorgiodeCastelfranco)（乔尔乔涅）18TheHighRenaissanceart(Late15th-andEarly16th-centuryItalianArt)ThisperiodrepresentedaculminationoftheRenaissance.Lastedfornomorethan40years.Artistsnolongerponderedtheartofantiquity.（古代）Theywenttheirownwaywiththetools,technology,trainingandconfidence.19The“BigThreeNames”oftheHighRenaissanceLeonardodaVinci达芬奇MichelangeloBuonarroti米开朗琪罗Raphael(RaffaelloSancio)拉斐尔20LeonardodaVinci（达芬奇）(1452-1519)auniversalgenius,famousforhismasterlypaintings,suchasTheVirginofthe