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1.Whatarethemaindifferencebetweencivillawsystemandcommonlawsystem?Therearemanydifferencesbetweencivillawsystemandcommonlawsystem.First,theiroriginalplacesaredifferent;thecivillawsystemoriginatedinancientRome,andthecommonlawsystemoriginatedinEngland.Second,themaintraditionalsourceofthecommonlawiscases,whilethemaintraditionalsourceofthecivillawislegislation.Third,thecivillawsystempaysmoreattentiontosubstantivelaw;thecommonlawsystempaysmoreattentiontoproceduralrules.Anotherimportantdifferencebetweenthemisclassification,thecivillawisseparatedintopubliclawandprivatelaw,thecommonlawisseparatedintocommonlawandequity.2.Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenthebindingprecedentandpersuasiveprecedent?Bindingprecedentisprecedentthatacourtmustfollow(itislaw).Allpriorjudicialdecisionsinaspecificcourt'sjurisdictionheardatthatcourt'slevelorhigherareconsideredtobebindingprecedent.Incontrast,persuasiveprecedentisprecedentthatacourtneednotfollow(itisnotlaw,butasthenamesuggests,maybepersuasivebecauseitsuggestsalineofreasoning).Allpriorjudicialdecisionsoutsideofthatcourt'sjurisdictionorfromalowercourtareconsideredtobepersuasiveonly.3.Whatmighthappenifacourtfollowstheprecedentmechanically?Acourtfollowingtheprecedentmechanicallywillattimesperpetuatelegalrulesandconceptsthatareoutlivedtheirusefulness.Thecontinuingprobleminalegalsystemthatrecognizespastdecisionsasauthoritativesourcesoflawforfuturecasesishowtomaintainanacceptableaccommodationofthecompetingvaluesofstabilityinalaw,servedbyadherencetoprecedent,andresponsivenesstosocialchange,whichmaycallfortheabandonmentofanoutwornlegaldoctrine.4.Explainthedifferencebetweenstaredecisisandresjudicata?Thestaredecisisisthatthefinaldecision,asaprecedentorapotentialprecedentforfuturecase,hasitsimpactonthelegalnormoftheconduct.Andthecourtshaveneverregardedasabsolutelybindingandcanoverruleevenclearprecedentswhenconsiderationofpublicpolicyrequiresachangeinthecaselaw.Theresjudicataisanauthoritativesettlementofaparticularcontroversythenbeforethecourt,itisaddressesadecision’simpactintheindividualcase.andithavetheabsolutelybindingevenwhentheprecedentschanges,theparticularcasewillnotbereversed.Thedoctrineofresjudicatabarsapersonfromeversuingonthesameclaimagain.5.What’sthefunctionofcourtoflastresort?Whyareappealstocourtoflastresortlimited?Thefunctionofcourtoflastresortistoreviewtheactionofthelowerjudicialtribunalsofthestate.Thescopeofjudicialreviewisrelativelynarrow.Itonlyreviewstherecordoftheproceedingstodeterminewhetherornotthelowercourtcommittederroronitsprocedureorinapplyingthesubstantivelawtothefactsofthecase.Appealstocourtoflastresortarelimited.It’sbecausecourtoflastresorthastogiveitsfullattentiontonovelandsociallyimportantcontroversies.The“screeningort”functionreferstomaketheintermediateappellatecourtthefinaltribunalformostcases.6.Canyouexplaindiversityofcitizenship?Whatcourthavejurisdictionover“diversityofcitizenship”?DiversityofcitizenshipmeanssuitsbetweencitizensofdifferentstatesoftheUnitedStates.Bothfederalandstatecourtshavethejurisdictionover“diversityofcitizenship”.Ifaplaintifffilesthecaseinastatecourtofhisowndistrict,thedefendantcanremoveittoafederalcourtofthesamedistrict.Butiftheplaintifffilesitinthecourtofthedefendant’sdistrict,thedefendantcan’tremoveit.7.HowcanyougetappealsreviewedbytheSupremeCourt?YoumustfirstpersuadetheSupremeCourtthattheissuespresentedbyyourcaseareimportantenough,asissuesofgeneralfederallaw,tojustifySupremeCourtconsideration.AdisappointedlitigantcannotsecureSupremeCourtreviewmerelybycontending,howeverpersuasively,thatthedecisionhandeddownagainstherwaswrong.AlwaysreviewsbytheSupremeCourtcanbesecuredonlybya“petitionforawritofcertiorari”,whichthesupremecourt,intheexerciseofthebroaddiscretionconferreduponitbyactsofcongress,maygrantordeny.8.WhatkindofcasecanbereviewedbytheSupremeCourt?TheSupremeCourtalsoconsiderscasesonappealfrom(orrejectedforappealby)Statesupremecourts,providedthecaseisofnationalimportanceandinvolvesconstitutionalorfederallaw.Thejusticesdonotruleonstateconstitutionalissuesorstateandmunicipalstatutes.TheSupremeCourtdecidestohearacaseonthreemajorfactors:whetherthecasewasanappealbythefederalcourtandisinconflictwiththedecisionsofothercircuits;thegeneralimportanceofthecase;andwhetherthelowercourt'sdecisionsmaybewronginlightoftheSupremeCourt'sopinions.9.Whatdoesjudicialreviewmeans?Whyit’sveryimportantconstitutionalprincipleinus?P47JudicialreviewisestablishedbySupremeCourtinthecaseofMarburyv.Madison.ThepowerofthecourttoexaminelegislationandotheractsofCongressandtodecidetheirconstitutionality.ThedoctrineofjudicialreviewalsoembracethepoweroftheCourttoexplainthemeaningofvarioussectionsoftheConstitutionastheyapplytoparticularcasesbroughtbeforetheCourt.BecauseaseriesofCourtdecisionshasaffectedachangeinthewaymanyconstitutionalclausesareinterpreted,withoutamendmenttotheactualtextoftheConstitution.ThecourtsystemultimatelydecideswhetherornottheyareallowableundertheConstitution.10.Whatdoeschecksandbalancesmean?Howdoyoucommentonthisprinciple?P40Checksandbalancesisanintrica