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Chinesespeakers(N.B.TherearemanyChinesedialects.ExtranotesareprovidedbelowforMandarinandCantonese.)Vowelsi(ship)confusedwithi(sheep)(man)confusedwith(cup)orɑ(heart)e(pen)confusedwith(man)υ(book)confusedwithu(boot)ɒ(clock)confusedwithɔ(ball)ei(tail)commonerroreəυ(phone)commonerrorɒ(clock)ConsonantsGreatdifficultywithgroupsofconsonants,especiallyfinally,whereoneormoremaybedropped.lconfusedwithrzmaybepronouncedsespeciallyfinallyʃ(shoe)confusedwithsespeciallybeforei(sheep),ormaysoundlikehvconfusedwithwn(notpresentinsomedialects)commonerrorlθ(thin)ð(feather)bpronouncedpfinallydpronouncedtfinallypronouncedkfinallyhcommonerrorx(loch)d(jam)hasadifferentqualitytʃ(cherry)hasadifferentqualityʃ(shoe)hasadifferentqualityFinalconsonantmaybedroppedespeciallyafterei(tail)orəυ(phone)orotherdiphthongs.IntonationAnareaofdifficulty.Allintonationexerciseswillbeuseful,especiallythosethatpracticeafallingtuneorexpressemotion.StressandrhythmSoundsstaccato.Joiningwordexerciseswillbeuseful.Page1of3©CambridgeUniversityPress(ship)commonerrori(sheep)e(pen)confusedwithə(acamera)(man)confusedwithɑ(heart)(cup)commonerrorɑ(heart)ɒ(clock)commonerrorɑ(heart)ɔ(ball)mayalsobepronouncedɑ(heart)u(boot)confusedwithυ(book)(girl)differentqualityəυ(phone)maybepronouncedɑυ(house)aiɔidifferentqualityaυConsonantsFinalconsonantsmaybedroppedespeciallyafterdiphthongs.Greatdifficultywithgroupsofconsonants,whereoneormoremaybedropped,especiallyfinally.lconfusedwithrnconfusedwithll(ball)maybedroppedorpronouncednzcommonerrordzortsʒ(television)confusedwithʃ(shoe)ortʃ(cherry)ʃ(shoe)confusedwithsespeciallybeforeiormaysoundclosetohwconfusedwithvorfhsoundsclosetox(loch)ŋ(ring)maybeconfusedwithnbpronouncedpfinallydpronouncedtfinallygpronouncedkfinallyIntonationAllintonationexerciseswillbeuseful.Page2of3©CambridgeUniversityPress(ship)confusedwithi(sheep)υ(book)confusedwithu(boot)(man)confusedwithe(pen)orɑ(heart)(cup)confusedwithɑ(heart)ɔ(ball)confusedwithɒ(clock)u(boot)confusedwithυ(book)(girl)hasadifferentqualityə(acamera)pronouncedasspellingəυ(phone)confusedwithaυ(house)orɒ(clock)ei(tail)commonerrore(pen)aiɔdifferentqualityaυConsonantsGreatdifficultywithgroupsofconsonants,especiallyfinallywhereoneormoremaybedropped.Finalconsonantsdropped,especiallyafterdiphthongs.Sometimestissubstitutedforotherfinalsounds.lconfusedwithrn(nose)confusedwithll(ball)maybedroppedorpronouncednv(van)confusedwithw(window)z(zoo)commonerrorsʃ(shoe)maybeconfusedwithtʃʒ(television)maybeconfusedwithʃfhasadifferentqualitywconfusedwithvorfθ(thin)commonerrorsorfð(feather)commonerrordordzrpronouncedwherenormallysilentŋmaybeconfusedwithnIntonationAllintonationexerciseswillbeuseful,especiallythosepractisingpoliteandfriendlyintonation.Cantoneseisspokenwithgreatenergy.CantonesespeakersmaysoundangryinEnglish.StressandrhythmSoundsstaccato.Joiningwordexercisesuseful.Cantonesestudentsmaystressthefinalsyllable.Wordstressexercisesmaybeuseful.