英美文学课件ErnestHemingway

ErnestHemingwayandAFarewelltoArmsName:Birth:Death:Nationality:Career:Rememberedas:ErnestHemingwayAmerican18991961oneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcenturynovelistandshort-storywriterHemingwaywasbornJuly21,1899inOakPark,IllinoisHewasthesecondofsixchildrenandhadfoursistersandonebrotherHisfatherwasadoctorandalsoanavidhunterandoutdoorsmanInHighSchool,HemingwayplayedfootballandlearnedtowrestleDuringthistimehealsoincurredpermanenteyedamage.ThiscausedhimtoberejectedbytheArmyduringWWIHemingwaywasalsotheeditorofhishighschoolnewspaper,TheTrapezeHemingwayafterhighschoolAftergraduating,HemingwaywenttoKansasCityandbecameacubreporterfortheKansasCityStarIn1918,HemingwayjoinedtheRedCrossandwasanambulancedriverinItalyduringWorldWarIThisexperienceprovidedbackgroundforthebookAFarewelltoArmsWhileservingontheItalianfront,HemingwaywasseriouslywoundedThewarexperiences(thecrueltyandenduranceitrequires)formsamajorpartofHemingway’swriting.HemingwayRedCrossUniform,about1918HemingwayspentsixmonthsintheRedCrosshospitalinMilan,wherehemetandfellinlovewithAgnesvonKurowsky,aRedCrossnursesevenyearshissenior.ProvidedmaterialforAFarewelltoArmsAfterthewarAfterthewar,HemingwaysettledinParis,theliterarycapitaloftheworldHeworkedasaforeigncorrespondentfortheTorontoStar.Duringthistime,hebecameacquaintedwithGertrudeStein,EzraPoundandSherwoodAnderson,allAmericanexpatriates.HemingwaysoonbecameaspokesmanfortheLostGenerationwritersandotherartistsdisillusionedbythewar.From1944-1945,hewasawarcorrespondentontheWesternFrontduringWorldWarIIHemingway,1928LiteraryAwardsHemingway’snovelTheOldManandtheSea,publishedin1952wonhimaPulitzerandNobelPrizeHemingwayreceivingtheNobelPrizeforLiteratureHemingwaymovedfromoneexoticlocaletoanotherincluding;Spain,Cuba,Africa,andKeyWest,FloridaHecultivatedareputationasatough,hard-drinkingman’smanOnJuly2,1961,Hemingwaydiedofaself-inflictedgunshotwoundinKetchum,OhioItissaidthatinthelastfewyearsofhislife,Hemingwaywasaverytroubledman.Heevenreceivedroundsofelectro-shocktherapyshortlybeforehekilledhimselfMainworksTheSunAlsoRises(1926)AFarewelltoArms(1929)ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)TheOldManandtheSea(1952)TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人与海》In1954,whenHemingwaywasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature,itwasforhismasteryoftheartofnarrative,mostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea,andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle.AspokesmanfortheLostGenerationTheterm“lostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself,afterWorldWarI.ItwasbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars.SpeakingtoErnestHemingway,shesaid,youareallalostgeneration.TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900’s.SeekingthebohemianlifestyleandrejectingthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarIyears.Pariswasthecenterofitall.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.Hemingway’sHeroesHemingway’sfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslives—soldiers,fishermen,athletes,bullfighters—whomeetthepainanddifficultyoftheirexistencewithstoiccourage.Thephrase,HemingwaycodeherooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.TheHemingwayCodeHero准则英雄、硬汉子TheHemingwayCodeHero准则英雄、硬汉子ThroughoutmanyofHemingway’snovelsthecodeheroactsinamannerwhichallowedthecritictoformulateaparticularcode.-hedoesnottalkaboutwhathebelievesin.-Hedoesnottalktoomuch.Heexpresseshimselfnotinwords,butinactions.TheHemingwaymanisnotathinker,heisamanofaction.Buthisactionsarebaseduponaconceptoflife.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmottoWhateveristheresultis,theyarereadytolivewithgraceunderpressure.Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindestructiblespiritandcourage.TheyhideasensitiveheartunderatoughexteriorTheHemingwayCodeHero准则英雄、硬汉子TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.----FromTheOldManandtheSeaHemingway’sStyledirect,terse,andoftenmonotonousTheuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcare.theicebergtheory,sometimereferredtoastheoryofomission.Hemingwaybelievedthatagoodwriterdidnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.“Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”Inhiswritingthefactsfloatabovewater;thesupportingstructureandsymbolismoperateout-of-sight.1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，第一次把文学创作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山，他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素。具体地说，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.“如果一位作家对于他想写的东西心里