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第五讲篇章结构题专题一阅读理解[命题分析]《考试大纲》明确要求考生“理解文章的基本结构”。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章的主题。篇章结构题属于较高层次的考查，重在考查对整个文章内在逻辑关系的理解，对文章结构的清晰认识及对文中举例的目的等，看考生对整篇文章的整体理解如何。因此，把握全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系对理解文章的基本结构会有很大帮助。专题一阅读理解按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构文章的体裁有记叙文、说明文和议论文等，不同体裁的文章的组织方法是不同的。文章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述的事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。主要设题形式：Whichofthefollowingshowstheorganization/structureofthepassage?Howisthepassageorganized?Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?(2015·高考北京卷)Technologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife，mostlyforthebetter.However，socialchangesthatarebroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforachangeinattitudes.Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege.Surveys(调查)onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe“very”or“somewhat”overlyprotectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.Thesamesurveysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasignthattoday’sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren’slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.However，greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir“adult”children.Inthecontext(背景)ofthisdiscussion，itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparents’involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwantedtobeintouchwiththeircollegeagechildrenfrequently，wouldthishavebeenpossible？Probablynot.Ontheotherhand，doesthepossibilityoffrequentcommunicationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasn’tpresentagenerationago？Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today’sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.Furthermore，studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofcommunicationbetweenparentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingnew；norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfromhome.Thisphenomenonisneithergoodnorbad；itisafactofcollegelife，todayandinthepast.Thankstotheadvancedtechnology，weliveinanageofbetteredcommunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?_________I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Subpoint(次要点)C：ConclusionB【解析】文章结构题。文章第一段是introduction，介绍了“新科技带来的一些改变常被误认为是态度的改变”的现象。第二段提出了第一个论点“父母在子女生活中参与度提高的现象通常被误认为是在试图安排孩子的生活”。第三段提出了第二个论点“父母更多的参与不一定表明父母对子女不放手”。第四段针对第二个论点提出了分论点一“是科技的进步导致了父母对子女生活更多地参与”。第五段针对第二个论点提出了分论点二(关键词Furthermore)“是子女经济不独立导致父母对子女生活的过多参与”。最后一段得出结论“多亏了高科技，我们能更好地交流，父母与孩子更多的沟通交流并不是想庇护孩子”。名师点津一般说来，一篇文章只有一个中心要点，全文的各个段落都要围绕这个中心要点展开。而情节发展的线索通常会含有一个或几个要点，每个要点又会根据表达的需要分出一个或几个次要点。在这些要点和次要点的支撑下，文章会在最后得出一个结论，这就是文章的大致框架。了解文章的大致框架是突破文章结构题的关键。在解答此类试题时，考生应做到：一读，就是通读全文；二想，就是想一想每个自然段的主要内容；三归，就是把一些内容相同或关系密切的自然段并在一起，成为一个大段；四查，就是再把各段段意连起来，看是否能构成一个连贯的整体；五选，就是选出符合文章结构的正确答案。因此考生在阅读文章时要发挥自己的逻辑思维能力，把握作者的写作思路，这样才能准确答题。此类试题从段落组织方式上看有三种类型：总—分—总；总—分；分—总。作者可采用不同的方法来组织文章，如：1.时间顺序，按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展，或某一研究由过去至现在的发展情况。2.空间顺序，按照事物的空间结构顺序(从左到右，从内到外，从整体到局部等)进行描写或说明。3.举例论证，用所列举的事物来论证观点，通常列举一些数据、事例等。4.对比或类比，通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。主要设题形式：按写作方法理解文章的结构Thepassageismainlydevelopedby________．Thesecondparagraphisdevelopedby________．Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby________．HowdoesthewritersupporttheunderlinedstatementinParagraph2?(2015·高考重庆卷)Therearemanyplacestogoonsafari(观赏野生动物)inAfrica，butridingahorsethroughthefloodedwatersofBotswana’sOkavangoDeltamustrankasoneoftheworld’smostexcitingwildlifejourneys.Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure，providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses，professionalguidesandlotsofsupportworkers.Theyhaveareputationforprovidingagreatridingexperience.Themorningride，whentheguidestakeyoutobeautiful，shallowlakesfullofwaterlilies，tendstobemoreactive.Itisunlikeanyotherridingexperience.Withrainbowsforminginthesplashingwateraroundyouandthesoundofhugedropsofwaterbouncingoffyourbodyandface，itistrulyexciting.Youareverylikelytocomeacrosslargewildanimals，too.Onhorsebackitispossibletogetquiteclosetoelephants，giraffesandmanyotheranimals.Thesenseofexcitementandtensionlevelsrisesuddenlythough，asdoesyourheartrate，asyoumoveclosertothem.Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare，ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.Asthesun’srayspassthroughthedustkickedupbythehorses，theromanceofAfricacomestolife.Backatthecampyoucankickoffyourbootsandenjoyexcellentfoodandwine.Lookingbackonyourday，youwillfindithardtodenythatahorsebacksafariisascloseasyouwillevercometoansweringthecallofthewild.TheauthorintroducestheridingexperienceintheOkavangoDeltamainlyby________．A．followingspaceorderB．followingtimeorderC．makingclassificationsD．givingexamples【解析】篇章