英语学术论文写作技巧academic writing skills(全英文版)

EnglishforAcademicStudy:ExtendedWritingandResearchSkillsSession1Inthissessionyouwillbeintroducedtoextendedwritingandinformedabouttheprojectyouwillworkoninthisterm.Extendedwritingatuniversity:Whydostudentswrite?Thereasonswhystudentscarryoutextendedacademicwritingactivitiesmayinclude:todevelopandexpresstheirideas;toprovideevidencetosupporttheirideas;todisputeorsupportexistingtheories;todisplayknowledge.Task1:Whatdostudentswrite?EssayExtendedessayorprojectReportThesisDissertationCasestudyWhateverformofextendedwritingstudentsareexpectedtodo,theprocesswillusuallyinvolvethefollowingsteps:-gatheringinformationfromvarioussources;-organizingthisinformationsothatitappropriatelyanswerstheneedsofthetaskthatthewriterhastocomplete;-planningthetext;-draftingandredraftingthetextuntilitcommunicatestheinformationandideasfullyandclearly.Task2:AnalysingthetaskBeforebeginninganytask,itisimportanttoanalysetherequirementsofthetasksothatyouhaveaveryclearideaofyourpurposeforwriting.Considerthefollowingprojecttitle:“Asurveyoncollegestudents’awarenessofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection”Discussthefollowingwithapartner:Lookattheprojecttitleaboveandhighlightthekeywords/phrases.Howisthetitleframed(e.g.statement/question/heading)?Whatdoesthetitleaskyoutodo?Task3:ThestagesofwritingaprojectTherearethreestagesinproducinganextendedessayorproject:planning,researchingandwritingup.Ineachofthesestagesthereareanumberofsmallersteps.Putthestepslistedbelowintotheappropriatestages(Planning,ResearchingorWritingup),inthemostappropriateorder.Writethestepsinfull;donotwritenumbers.Notethatonestepcanplacedintwostages.a)Readthefirstdraft.b)Editthedraft---decideobjectivelywhetheryourideashavebeenexpressedclearly.c)Thinkofaworkingtitlefortheproject.d)Searchforrelevantjournals/books/informationinthelibraryandontheInternet.e)Writedownthedetailsofyoursources.f)Decideifyouneedtodomorereading.g)Writethecontentspage,bibliography,titlepageandabstract.h)Arrangeatutorialwithyourtutor.i)Dosomereading.j)Decideonatopic.k)Writethefirstcompletedraft.l)Highlight/takenotesofrelevantinformation.m)Planthecontentsindetail.n)Workonestablishingaclearfocus.o)Makearoughoutlineplanofyourideas.p)Checkthatsourcesareavailable/accessible.PlanningResearchingWritingup1)1)1)2)2)2)3)Thinkofworkingtitlefortheproject3)Highlight/takenotesofrelevantinformation3)4)4)4)5)5)5)Writethecontentspage,bibliography,titlepageandabstract.6)Task3:StartingProjectWorkonthisprojectbyansweringthefollowingquestions,whicharegroupedunderthethreebroadheadingsIntroduction,MainbodyandConclusion.Firstreadthequestions.IntroductionWhataretheproblemswearenowfacingintermsofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection?(Backgroundinformation)Whatiscollegestudents’awarenessofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection?(Backgroundinformation)Whatdoyouthinkshouldbedonetodevelopcollegestudents’awareness?[Youopiniononthisquestionwillhelpformyour“thesis”---thatisthemainargumentyouwillpresentinyourproject.]MainbodyWhatspecificproblemsarerelatedtocollegestudents’lackofawarenessofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection?Whatevidencecanyoufindforthis?Whatarethepossiblereasonsfortheexistingphenomena?Whatevidencecanyoufindforthis?Whatarethepossiblesolutionstotheproblemsoutlinedabove?Whatevidencecanyoufindtosupportyoursuggestions?ConclusionBasedontheevidenceyouhavepresentedabove,whateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoraisecollegestudents’awarenessofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection?Doestheevidenceyouputtogetherinthe“mainbody”supportthethesisyouintroducedinyourintroduction?Intheappropriateboxesbelow,brainstormsomeideasontheabovequestions.Atthemoment,youareonlybeingaskedtoguesswhattheanswersmightbe.Afterthis,youwillhavetocarryoutthesurveyanddosomereadingtofindoutwhetheryourguessesarecorrectornot.Youwillalsobereadingtofindoutotherideasaboutthetopic.Thisreadingstageisoneofthemostimportantpartsofyourworkbecauseyouwillbelookingforevidencetosupportyourideas.Writeyourinitialideasintheboxesbelow.Youonlyneedtowriteinnoteform.IntroductionMainbodyConclusion1)1)1)2)2)2)3)3)3)4)4)4)………Session2:DevelopingafocusStepsingettingstarted:ChoosingatopicBrainstormingideasNarrowingthefocusbyaskingyourselfquestionsEstablishingaworkingtitlewhichisflexibleanddevelopmentalChoosingsomeofyoursourcesbylookingatjournals,booksandwebsitesOnewaytoestablishafocusforyourtopicistoaskyourselfquestionsaboutthetopic.Forexample,“Tourism”isaverygeneraltopic.Inordertogetspecificideasaboutthistopic,youcouldaskyourselfsomespecificWH-questions.WH-questionsare:Why?Who?What?Where?When?Which?(How?)Youmaynotalwaysaskallthesequestions.Forexample:Whyistourismimportant?Whoisaffectedbytourism?Whatistourism?Wheredoestourismhavemostimpact?Whichcountriesaremostdependentontourism?(Howistourismaffectingnativeculture?)Task1:Nowmakealistofyourownquestionsforthefollowingtopic,basedontheexampleabove.TheEducationofSysteminChina_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________