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AcademicWritingApracticalguideforstudentsStephenBaileyPart1:TheWritingProcess1Studentintroduction11.BackgroundtowritingWritingFoundations32.Developingplansfromtitles63.EvaluatingatextReadingandNote-Making94.Understandingpurposeandregister125.Selectingkeypoints156.Note-making187.Paraphrasing218.Summarywriting239.Combiningsources2610.PlanningatextWritingStages2911.Organisingparagraphs3212.Organisingthemainbody3613.Introductions3914.Conclusions4215.Re-readingandre-writing4516.Proof-reading48Part2:ElementsofWriting51Studentintroduction511.CauseandeffectFloodingresultsfromheavyrain532.CohesionTheformer/thelatter553.ComparisonsHisworkismoreinterestingthanhers574.DefinitionsAnassignmentisataskgiventostudents…605.DiscussionBenefitsanddrawbacks626.ExamplesManydepartments,forinstancemedicine,657.GeneralisationsComputersareusefulmachines678.NumbersThefiguresinthereport…709.ReferencesandquotationsAsDonner(1997)pointedout7310.StyleItisgenerallyagreedthat…7611.SynonymsInterpretation/explanation7912.VisualinformationGraphs,chartsandtables81ContentsIntroductionviPart3:AccuracyinWriting85Studentintroduction851.Abbreviationsi.e./WTO872.Adverbscurrently/eventually893.Articlesa/an/the914.CautionPooreducationtendstoleadtocrime935.Conjunctionsfurthermore/however956.Formalityinverbsspeedup/accelerate987.Modalverbsmay/could/should1008.NationalitylanguageSpain/Spanish1029.Nounsandadjectivesefficiency/efficient10410.Nouns:countableanduncountablebusiness/businesses10611.PassivesThegaseswerediscovered10812.Prefixesandsuffixesundergraduate/graduate11013.PrepositionsThepurposeofthispaper…11314.Prepositionsafterverbsconcentrateon11515.Punctuation‘?:11716.ReferringverbsMartins(1975)claimedthat…11917.Relativepronounsthat/which12118.Singular/pluralTheteamis/are12319.TensesFewscientistsdispute/havedisputed12520.Timewordsandphrasessincethenineteenthcentury128Part4:WritingModels131Studentintroduction1311.FormallettersLetterlayoutandlettersofapplication1332.CVsLayoutandphrasingofacurriculumvitae1353.DesigningandreportingsurveysSurveyreportsandquestionnairedesign1374.ComparisonessayAcomparisonofclassroomlearningwithinternet-basedteaching1395.DiscursiveessayEducationisthemostimportantfactorinnationaldevelopment–Discuss141WritingTests143Answers146Sources191viContentsAcademicWritingisdesignedforanybodywhoisstudying(orplanningtostudy)atEnglish-mediumcollegesanduniversitiesandhastowriteessaysandotherassignmentsforexamsorcoursework.Internationalstudentsespeciallyfindthewrittendemandsoftheircoursesextremelychallenging.OntopofthecomplexityofthevocabularyofacademicEnglishtheyhavetolearnaseriesofconventionsinstyle,referencingandorganisation.AcademicWritingisaflexiblecoursethatallowsstudentstoworkeitherwithateacherorbythemselves,topractisethoseareaswhicharemostimportantfortheirstudies.Manystudentsfindthattheyhaveverylimitedtimetopreparefortheircourses,andthatwritingisonlyoneofseveralskillstheyneedtomaster.Thestructureofthebookhasbeenmadeassimpleaspossibletoallowuserstofindwhattheywantquickly.Thecourseisorganisedtoprovidemaximumhands-onpracticeforstudents.Skillsaredevelopedfromwritingattheparagraphlevel,throughorganisingthevarioussectionsofanessay,todiscussingstatisticsanddescribingcharts.Thisbookisdividedintofourparts:1)TheWritingProcessguidesstudentsfromtheinitialstageofunderstandinganessaytitle,throughreadingandnote-making,totheorganisationofanessayandthefinalstageofproof-reading.2)ElementsofWritingdealswiththekeyskillsthatareneededforalltypesofassignments,suchasmakingdefinitionsandgivingreferences,andisorganisedalphabetically.3)AccuracyinWritinggivesremedialpracticeinthoseareasthatstudentstendtofindmostconfusing,suchasdefinitearticlesandrelativepronouns,againinalphabeticalorder.4)WritingModelsgivesexamplesofthetypesofwritingthatstudentscommonlyneed,includinglettersandsurveyreports.Allunitsarecross-referencedandacomprehensivekeyisprovidedattheend.ThereisalsoaWritingTestssectionforassessinglevelandprogress.AlthougheveryefforthasbeenmadetomakeAcademicWritingasusefulandaccurateaspossible,ifstudentsorteachershaveanycomments,criticismsorsuggestionsIwouldbeverypleasedtohearfromthem.StephenBaileyacademicwriting@beeb.netIntroductionInstructionstostudentsareprintedlikethis:Completethesentenceswithsuitablewordsfromtheboxbelow.Cross-referencesinmarginslooklikethis:2.11SynonymsThismeans:refertotheunitonsynonymsinPart2(Unit11).crossreferenceStudentIntroductionMostacademiccoursesinEnglish-mediumcollegesanduniversitiesuseessaystoassessstudents’work,bothascoursework,forwhichadeadlineoneortwomonthsaheadmaybegiven,andinexams,whenanessayoftenhastobecompletedinanhour.Theprocessofwritingessaysforcourseworkassignmentscanbeshowninaflowchart:1.TheWritingProcessPart1,TheWritingProcess,examineseachofthesestagesinturn.Ifstudentsareconcernedonlywithpreparingforexamwritingtheycouldomitthereadingandnote-makingstages,butiftheyhavesufficienttimetheyshouldworkthrougheveryunit,preferablyintheordergiven,foreachstagebuildsonthepreviousone.Althoughitisessentialtounderstandthebasicwritingprocess,atthesametim