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在以后的两节课里我们将讨论有关社会心理学的内容Thisisgoingtobeginatwo-lecturesequenceonsocialpsychologyon有关我们如何看待自己如何看待看待他人howwethinkaboutourselves,howwethinkaboutotherpeople,如何看待其他群体的成员howwethinkaboutothergroupsofpeople.我们已经讨论过很多人类心理能力We'vetalkedalotaboutthecapacities其中一些能力包括ofthehumanmindandsomeofthesecapacities适应和处理物质世界的involveadaptinganddealingwiththematerialworld.因此我们必须选择食物必须在世界中漫游So,wehavetochoosefoods,wehavetonavigatearoundtheworld,必须识别物体wehavetorecognizeobjects,必须能够理解自然界的相互作用wehavetobeabletounderstandphysicalinteractions.但可能我们进化成的心理Butprobablythemostinterestingaspectof最有趣的方面是我们能够理解他人与他人打交道ourevolvedmindsisourcapacitytounderstandanddealwithotherpeople.我们对他人如何工作非常感兴趣Weareintenselyinterestedinhowotherpeoplework.二零零五年有个大新闻Thestorythatwasadominantnewsstoryin2005wasthis.你们中的一些人那些看不到屏幕的人Andsomeofyou--this--forthoseofyouwhoaren'tseeingthescreen,这是有关詹妮弗·安妮丝顿和布拉德·皮特的离婚案istheseparationofJenniferAnistonandBradPitt.我还记得我第一次听说这事是在什么地方IrememberwhereIwaswhenIfirstheardaboutthis.这非常有趣就是记得作为心理学家Andit'saninterestingsight.Justremember--steppingback.Aspsychologists我们必须对肯定的事情提出疑问我们要质疑所谓的常识wehavetoquestionthenatural.Wehavetotakethings并研究它们刚刚发生的事情是thatarecommonsenseandexplorethem.Andonethingwhichjusthappensis,我们为这些事情所着迷we'refascinatedbythisstuff.我们对名人的生活感兴趣We'refascinatedbythelivesofcelebrities.我们对他人的社会生活非常感兴趣We'refascinatedbythesociallivesofotherpeople.为什么会这样呢这是个有趣的问题Andit'saninterestingquestiontoaskwhy.这是我将在之后两节课中Andthisisoneofthequestions会讲到的问题之一whichI'mgoingtodealwithinthenextcoupleoflectures但在我开始讲社会心理学理论之前butbeforeIgettothetheoryofsocialpsychology我想先讨论一项个体差异Iwanttotalkaboutanindividualdifference.几周前我们用了一节课的时间So,wedevotedalectureearlyon--ofacoupleofweeksago,讲述人与人之间智力和人格上的个体差异toindividualdifferencesacrosspeopleinintelligenceandpersonality.我想讲有关人在社会属性方面的差异Iwanttotalkalittlebitaboutanindividualdifferenceinoursocialnatures然后给大家做个测验andthenIwantpeopletodoatestthatwillexplore看看你们处于什么位置whereyoustandonacontinuum.你面前放着的那张纸就是测验Thattestisthepieceofpaperyouhaveinfrontofyou.没有拿到的同学请举手Anybodywhodoesn'thaveitpleaseraiseyourhand助教会发给你andoneoftheteachingfellowswillbringittoyou.不要着急你现在还不知道怎么做Youdon'tknowwhattodoyetwithitsodon'tworry.这个测试是马尔科姆·格拉德威尔ThetestwasdevelopedactuallybyMalcolmGladwell他是一位科普作家在他著作《引爆流行》中开发的whoisasciencewriter--inhiswonderfulbookTheTippingPoint.格拉德威尔在测验介绍中Andasheintroducesthetest,他详述了斯坦利·米尔格拉姆的另一个实验GladwellrecountsanotherexperimentdonebyStanleyMilgram,当然米尔格拉姆因服从实验闻名但他也做了很多有趣的事ofcoursefamousforhisobedienceworkbuthedidalotofinterestingthings.在一项经典实验中他将包裹给从内布拉斯加州的奥马哈人中Andoneclassicstudyhedidwashegaveapackageto160peoplerandomlychosen随机挑选的一百六十人然后让这些人无论如何将包裹送给inOmaha,Nebraskaandheaskedthesepeopletogetthepackagesomehow这在很多年前还没有因特网andthiswasmanyyearsagobeforetheinternet,没有电邮要将包裹送到一个在波士顿工作beforee-mail?TogetthepackagetoastockbrokerwhoworkedinBoston却住在马萨诸塞州雪伦市的股票经纪人butlivedinSharon,Massachusetts.他发现大多数人竟然做到了Whathefoundwasthatmostpeoplewereabletodoit.当然没有人认识这个人Nobody,ofcourse,knewthisman但他们认识那些可能认识这个人的人buttheyknewpeoplewhomightknowpeoplewhowouldknowthisman.所以大多数人成功了大多数人都能将包裹送至这个人So,mostpeoplesucceeded.Mostpeoplewereabletogetthepackagestothisman这就是六度分隔理论andittookatmaximumsixdegreesofseparation,著名的短语的出处whichiswherethefamousphrasecomesabout我们与他人的间隔只有六个人而已thatwe'reallseparatedfromanotherpersonbysixdegreesofseparation.这不是普遍正确的Thisisnottrueingeneral.只在美国内做过实验Thiswasavery--asingleexperimentdonewithintheUnitedStates,但这个想法非常吸引人buttheideaisappealing,人们是通过一系列人脉与其他人联系的thatpeopleareconnectedtooneanotherviachainsofpeople.米尔格拉姆发现特别有趣的是ButwhatMilgramfoundthatwasparticularlyinterestingwas半数的被试仅通过两个人就将包裹送到了thatinabouthalfofthecasesthesepackageswentthroughtwopeople.也就是说如果标出人与人间的关系Thatis,ifyouplottherelationshipsbetweenpeople--我们以这个房间里的人为例Wecantakeeachpersoninthisroom,将彼此认识的人连线findeverybodyyouknowandwhoknowsyouanddrawaline,如果我们真这么做的话我们看到的不会是一张网butifweweretodothisyouwouldn'tfindanevenmeshofwires.相反你会发现有些人会成为节点Rather,you'dfindthatsomepeopleareclusters.这些人就是格拉德威尔所谓的联系员这有点像空中交通SomepeoplearewhatGladwellcallsConnectors.it'slikeairtraffic.以前的空中交通是与各个目的地的连线Airtrafficusedtobeeverythingflewtoplaceslocal但现在更像一个枢纽系统例如芝加哥的奥黑尔或纽瓦克toitbutnowthere'sasystemofhubs,chicagoO'HareforinstanceorNewark都是许多飞机经过的地方而有些人就是枢纽whereplanesflythrough.Somepeoplearehubs.这些人就是那种认识很多人的人Somepeoplearethesortofpeoplewhoknowalotofpeople.这房间里的一些人可能是枢纽这不难发现Somepeopleinthisroommightbehubs,anditisnotimpossibletofindout.这张纸上有二百五十个从曼哈顿电话簿上Thepieceofpaperyouhavehereis250nameschosenrandomly随机抽取的名字fromaManhattanphonebook.其中包含了不同种族Theycapturearangeofethnicities,世界不同地区不同原国籍的人differentpartsoftheworld,differentnationalorigins.下面就是我想让你们做的我给大家五分钟时间Here'swhatI'dlikeyoutodo.AndI'llgiveaboutfiveminutesforthis.浏览这些名字并圈出那些你认识的人的名字Gothroughthesenamesandcirclehowmanypeopleyouknow.圈名字的规则是Now,therulesofthisare,圈出那些你们彼此认识的人的名字toknowsomebodyyouhaveto--theyhavetoknowyouback.如果是个名人这里一个名字是约翰逊So,ifit'sacelebrity--Well,here--oneofthenameshereisJohnson.我听说过埃尔文·约翰逊但埃尔文·约翰逊从没听说过我Now,I'veheardofMagicJohnsonbutMagicJohnsonhasneverheardofme,所以不能圈这个名字另外我们系主任是玛西亚·约翰逊soIcannotcircleit.Ontheotherhand,ourdepartmentchairisMarciaJohnson.她认识我所以我就可以圈她开始浏览并