教你如何写出完美的论文-听力整理

01：Whatisaresearchpaper?It’sapaperthat:presentsanoriginalapproachtosomeacademictopic,organizedaroundacentralthesis,usinginsightsbasedonresearch,andcitingsourcesinascholarlyfashion.1.Anacademictopicisatopicstudiedinschoolsbyuniversityprofessorsandbyscholars,aroundwhichadisciplineandabodyofliteraturehavegrownup.Anoriginalapproachmeansthataresearchpaperdoesn’tjustrepeatinformationfromothersources.2.Yourcentralthesisisthemainideathatanchorsyourpaper.Itstateswhatyoumostwanttosayaboutthetopic.3.Researchmeanreadingandstudyofvariouskindsofevidence,mainlybutnotexclusivelydrawnfromwrittenmaterials.Researchmaybebasedon…printedmaterials:booksscholarlyjournalsmagazinesnewspaperswrittenmaterialsthatarenotprinted:unpublisheddiariescourtrecordsgovernmentrecordsnotesofascientistorareporterSpokenmaterials:face-to-faceinterviewrecordingofaspeech,lecture,concert,broadcastVisualmaterials:photographsdrawingspaintings(orotherworksofart)mapsdiagramsgraphstablesDigitaldocumentsfrom:theInternet,including—webpages,digitizedbooksandarticles,onlinepublications,blogs4.Scholarsarepeoplewhopracticetheartsofscholarship.Theybuildnewknowledgebyanalyzingandlearningfromwhatothershavedoeandaddingfreshinsightstoit.Lengthofatypicalresearchpaper:10-15double-spacedpages,3000-5000words.02：FromSubjecttoThesisFourkeyelement：subjecttopicquestionthesis1.subject:averybroadcategory–ageneralareaofinterest–usuallyassignedbyyourteacher2.topic:morespecificfocuswithinthegeneralsubject–developedbythestudent--thenarrower,thebetter3.questions:thebesttopicsarebuiltaroundintriguingquestions4.thesis:stateswhatyouwanttosayaboutthetopic–yourconclusionbasedonyourresearchandthoughtForexample:Subject:AbrahamLincolnTopic:Lincoln’sViewsonslavery;ThePoliticalTacticThatLincolnEmployed;Lincoln’sMarriageDoesyourresearchpaperdescribeatopicareathatcanbecoveredadequatelyandinterestinglyinjust10-15pages?Question:HowdidLincoln,anobscurepoliticianfromtheMidwest,winthecrucial1860electionagainstbetterknowncompetitors?Thesis:Lincolnwaselectedin1860becausehisambiguouspositiononslaveryattractedsupportfromvariousgroupswhodidn’tnecessarilyagreewithoneanother.Astrongthesiscanusuallybestatedinasinglesentence.Thesentencethatstatesyourthesismayornotactuallyappearinyourfinalpaper.03：AGoodResearchTopic&aWorkingThesisAgoodtopic:isnotmerelyanarrative,(TheLifeofCharlesDarwin-toobroad!Doesn’tlenditselftoanalysis!HowDarwin’sStudyofFinchesintheGalapagosIslandsInfluencedHistheoryofEvolution–provideananalysis–yourownopinionsandideas!)isnottoobroad,(SymbolisminMobyDick–toobroad!ThesymboloftheWhiteWhaleinMobyDick;ThesymbolofCaptainAhab’sWound–alwayschooseanarrowertopic!)isnottoonarrow,(TheBiblicalMeaningofCaptainAhab’sname-notenoughmaterial!TheCharacterofCaptainAhab–worksbetter!)hasresearchsources,(books,articles,relevantmaterialsEvidenceofEarlyHumansinourHomeTown–hardtofindinfoaboutEvidenceofEarlyHumansinOurHomeState(orRegion)-feasible)hasnotbeenoverdone(WhatisNaturalSelection?–overdoneHowDidtheWritingsofMalthusInfluenceDarwin’sideaofNaturalSelection?-----better)interestsyou.Agoodworkingthesis:1.Itcanbestatedinasingleclearsentence.2.Itisapositive,non-obviousstatement.Example:PaperaboutMalcolmX(AmericanHistoryorBlackStudies),backgroundreadingmightincludehisautobiographyMalcolmX’schangingattitudestowardracialintegration.–Notathesis–notstatedintheformofasentenceMalcolmX’sattitudestowardsracialintegrationbecamemorepositiveduringthelastsixmonthsofhislife.AsaleadingfigureinAfricanAmericanhistory,MalcolmX’sracialattitudesnaveimportanceforallAmericans.–tooobviousTheracialattitudesofMalcolmXwereprofoundlyinfluentialamongAfricanAmericansduringhislifetime.HadMalcolmXlived,hisattitudestowardsracialintegrationwouldhavechangeddramatically.–can’tbetestedSomeofMalcolmX’sleadingfollowershavedistortedhisracialattitudes.04：TypesofPlagiarismWhatisaresearchpaper?It’sapaperthat:1.presentsanoriginalapproachtosomeacademictopic,2.organizedaroundacentralthesis,3.usinginsightsbasedonresearch,and4.citingsourcesinascholarlyfashion.Thedividinglinebetweenplagiarismandresearch:Aresearchpapermustbebasicallyyourownwork,andmustusefactsandideasfromresearchsimplytobackupandsupportyouroriginalconcepts.Wheneveryoudousefactsandideasborrowedfromresearch,youneedtoexplainandacknowledgethosesourcesratherthanletreadersgettheimpressionthatyoucameupwiththefactsandideascompletelyonyourown.Plagiarismisakindoftheft.Thedifferenttypesofplagiarism:Buying,borrowing,orreusingapaperClaimingasyourownapieceofwritingfromapublishedsource.Quotingwords,sentences,paragraphs,orpagesfromanotherwriter’sworkwithoutgivingthatwritercredit.Whenyoucutandpastematerialsfromtheinternet–makesurethatyouputquotationmarksaroundthemandclearlylabel(onthesamepage)exactlywherethosematerialscamefrom,whotheauthorwas,andallthebibliographicinformationaboutthepublishedsource.Copyinganotherwriter’ssequenceofideaswithoutgivingthatwritercredit.05：WhatNeedstoBeCitedDoesitneedtobecited?1.Informationthatiscommonknowledgedoesn’tneedtobecite