调节保证计算案例一、调节保证计算的任务和计算标准1、调保计算的任务电站在运行过程中,常会由于各种事故,机组突然与系统解列,从而造成甩负荷。在甩负荷时,由于导叶迅速关闭,水轮机的流量会急剧变化,因此在水轮机过水系统内会产生水击,调节保证计算就是在初步设计阶段计算出上述过程中最大的转速上升及最大的压力上升值。调节保证计算一般应对两个工况进行,即计算设计水头和最大水头甩全负荷的压力上升和速率上升,并取其大者。2、调节计算的标准:1)压力变化计算标准:机组甩全负荷时蜗壳允许的最大压力升高ξmax,一般发生在最大水头下%,305010040max时,当rH设置调压阀时ξmax≤0.2Hmax=16.13%尾水管的真空度应小于m9~8输水管道内不允许出现任何负压2、转速变化计算标准当机组容量占电力系统运行总容量的比重大且担任调峰调频时,βmax45%βmax为机组甩全部负荷时的转速升高的允许值,一般发生在设计水头下。3、已知计算参数装机容量:2×20000KW电站型式:坝后式,压力钢管为一根总管为2台机组引水水头参数:Hmax=80.66m,Hr=69.2m,Hmin=60.65m,Hp=72.11m水轮机参数:HL260/D74-LJ-180,nr=375r/min,Qr=33.58m3/sNr=20833.3KW,η=0.913尾水管参数:进口直径D3=1.88m,出口直径D4=2.43m)(21.340608.1883.22.535.35.322mtlDKGDti上式中:Di----定子铁芯内径(m)tl----定子铁芯长度(m)2K----经验系数,查[7]164页表3-10,100≤n≤375取K2=5.2二、调节保证计算7.2.1设计水头下甩全负荷的计算一、水锤压力传播速度压力输水系统发生水锤时,水锤压力波以速度α沿管道传播.由于该电站引水系统分叉管前为混凝土,分叉管后为金属里衬。查参[水力机械]173页薄壁钢管取α=980m/s,混凝土取α=1000m/s。1212289.615983.87/226.44163.1749801000pjLmsLL二、各部分∑LV的计算1、引水管段分叉管前)/(422.35.2260.33222smrQrV)/(81.774422.341.226211smVLTT渐变段)/(44.4)4.160.335.2260.33(2122122smrQRQVrr)/(424.16844.494.37222smVLTT渐变段出口至蝶阀smrQrV/456.54.160.3322)/(69.137456.5235.25233smVLTT蝶阀后渐变段)/(542.6)184.160.334.160.33(2122122smrQRQVrr)/(542.6542.61244smVLTT蝶阀后渐变段出口至蜗壳进口断面smrQrV/629.7184.160.3322)/(093.35629.76.4255smVLTT5544332211TTTTTTTTTTTTVLVLVLVLVLVL378.1122092.35542.669.137424.16881.7742、蜗壳段取进口断面平均流速/s)m(24.6cV)(756.13)22(2360152322321maaaaaLc则1212289.615983.87/226.44163.1749801000pjLmsLL上式中:cL----蜗壳为中心线的长度(m)a----各断面中心矩3、尾水管段1)直锥段:进口断面流速1222433.60411.308(/)1.945QrVmsD出口断面流速)/(244.743.2458.3342242smDQrV则21211311.3087.2441.922417.832(/)22BBVVLVhms2)肘管段出口断面流速35633.605.649(/)4.9321.206QrVmsBh由量测法得几何尺寸mLB3668.42则2232227.2445.6454.366828.15(/)22BBBVVLVLms扩散段出口断面流速45533.602.889(/)4.9322.358QrVmsBh则2343335.6452.889(8.13.15)21.121(/)22BBBVVLVLms尾水管211223321.12128.1517.83267.103(/)BBBBBBBBLVLVLVLVms4、整个引水系统21122.37885.83767.1031275.318(/)TTCCBBLVLVLVLVms289.61513.7561.92244.36684.95314.6278mTCBLLLL01275.3184.05(/)314.6278LVVmsL三、管道特性系数:1、.压力管道水力损失计算1)分叉管前本电站采用钢筋混凝土管,查[水轮机设计手册]P169表4-2可得,采用无抹灰面层的,其当量粗糙度)(7.0mmKs为紊流23201094.161001.15422.3Re66vd4104.150007.0dks查参[水力机械]168页图4.19,得λ=0.0135查参[水轮机设计手册]表8-22得:拦污栅、无修圆进口、弯管的局部损失系数分别为1.3、0.5、0.082746.12422.3)082.05.03.15441.2260135.0(222221ggVgVdlhw2)渐变段水力损失ξ=0.16055.081.9244.416.02222gVhw3)渐变段出口至蝶阀损失为紊流232010151001.18.2456.5Re66vd015.0105.228007.04查得dks蝶阀损失系数查得ξ=0.1~0.3509.081.92456.5)2.08.2235.25015.0(222223gVgVdlhw4)主阀之后渐变段损失ξ=0.1633.081.92542.616.02224gVhw5)主阀后钢管水平段为紊流2320109.171001.1368.2629.7Re66vd0136.01096.223687.04查得dks784.081.92629.7368.26.40136.02225gVdlhw引水管总的水力损失424.3784.033.0509.0055.0746.154321、水流惯性时间常数624.72424.32.690hHHP)(8.1641.7281.98.12810sgHLVTw3、管道特征系数的确定:594.2624.7281.92905.3575.984200gHVapjfwfTTTgHLV0调保计算标准3.0~5.0,从P149图5-8可查得sT约为4~6s之间,故取fT为4.0,5.0,5.5,6.0s可得:σ=0.45,0.36,0.3273,0.3四、压力上升计算弹性波在压力管道内往返一次所经历的时间TrsaLTpjr6.0575.984215.29522由于采用的fT时间均大于rT故发生间接水击,由于甩全负荷00,1则2.2771=2.2771.5,故最大水锤出现在末相,查[水力机械]211页,压力管道、蜗壳压力上升及尾水管压力下降按下式计算并写入表中,如下表:计算公式为:)4(22m,m2.1maxmaxLVVLTTT,0HHccmaxLVVLVLccTTc,0HHTTmBBBLVVL,0HHTT,BSBHgVHH22上式中:SH----吸出高度(m)2V----尾水管进口流速(m/s)ξmax---包括上述ΣLV的整个引水系统的压力上升,查[7]175页,对混流式机组一般为1.2ξBH----尾水管真空度,查[水力机械]175页,不大于8m计算结果列于下表中表7-1管道压力上升表Ts(s)σξmξmax引水管道压力上升蜗壳压力上升尾水管压力上升ξmΔHTξcΔHcξBΔHBHB40.450.56250.6750.591142.9280.639746.45640.03532.56436.570350.360.43060.61670.452432.85790.489735.56150.0271.96295.96895.50.32730.38520.46230.404829.39850.438131.81660.02421.75755.763560.30.3480.41760.365726.5560.395828.74460.02181.58325.5892五、转速升高计算1.机组一般在设计水头下发生最大转速上升,所以在设计水头下进行转速上升计算,据参[7]180页进行估算甩负荷前单位转速n11r=81.14r/min,甩负荷后的单位飞逸转速n11R=150.4r/min854.114.814.1501111rRennn机组惯性时间常数sNnGDTa243.5200003658.037521.3403652202滞后时间3049.0243.502.02.0)03.001.0()3.01.0(aqTT转速上升1)2(1aaqTCfTT其中:f----考虑了水锤压力的影响系数1fC----考虑水轮机飞逸特性影响系数111eynC)5.01(22yaaYTtfT计算结果如下表:表7-2转速上升表fT1f0202365NnGDTa)(4.0)5.01(22stTtfTyaaY111eynC1)2(1aaTCfTt1.1max41.455.2430.49080.64810.33880.372751.365.2430.55360.62020.36980.40685.51.32735.2430.58390.60760.38440.42286.00.35.2430.61390.59551.39830.4381由以上两张表格分析,5.5、6s均未超过蜗壳压力升高和转速升高要求,但5s时压力升高较大,6s时转速升高较大,最大水头下可能发生压力升高或转速升高超过计算标准,综合考虑初步取Ts=5.5s7.2.2最大水头甩全负荷的计算在最大水头下时,机组的单位转速为min/16.75r,在其模型综合特性曲线上找该单位转速与出力限制线的交点,得出模型的效率%4.88M,该效率加上修正值2%即可得到真机的效率为%4.90T,由此公式可得:)/(001.196.0904.066.808.181.92000081.935.125.1max2111smHDPQTr)/(125.2966.808.1001.132max2111smHDQQ一、各部分∑LV的计算1、引水管分叉管前)/(485.15.2125.294422smdQVcT)/(219.336485.141.2262smVLTT渐变段)/(181.3)4.1125.295.22125.29(2122122smrQRQVrr)/(95.117181.394.37222smVLTT渐变段出口至蝶阀smrQrV/732.44.1125.2922)/(4