第12章名词一.概念名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词,有专有名词和普通名词之分,还有可数名词与不可数名词之分.二.相关知识点精讲.名词复数的规则变化[此处图片未下载成功][此处图片未下载成功]2.其它名词复数的规则变化)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如:MarystheHenrys--monkeysholiday---holidays)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:.加s,如:photo---photospiano---pianos--radioszoo---zoos;.加es,如:potato--potatoestomato--tomatoes.上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros/zeroes。)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:.加s,如:belief---beliefsroof---roofs--safesgulf---gulfs;.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halves--knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolves--wiveslife---livesthief---thieves;.上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。.名词复数的不规则变化)child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teeth--miceman---menwoman---women注意:由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是theBowmans。)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,li,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:policecattle等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。.news为不可数名词。.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。UnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:"TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等。)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。.不可数名词量的表示)物质名词.当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。比较:Cakeisakindoffood.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)cakesaresweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数).当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:factoryproducessteel.(不可数)needvarioussteels.(可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:countryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名。teas,please.请来两杯茶。)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:freedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如aglassofwater一杯水/apieceofadvice一则建议。.定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。)用复数作定语。例如:meeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室table谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:workerswomenteachersgentlemenofficials)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:train(货车)armsproduce武器生产papers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷)数词名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:dozeneggs两打鸡蛋aten-milewalk十英里路hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan.一个五年计划[此处图片未下载成功]英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateacher'sbook。名词所有格的规则如下:)单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如theboy'sbag男孩的书包,men'sroom男厕所。)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加"'",如:theworkers'struggle工人的斗争。)凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词of名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字。)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarber's理发店。)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:'sandMary'srooms(两间)JohnandMary'sroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,'s加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:amonthortwo'sabsence三.巩固练习.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoney,sinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.a.littlewageb.fewwagec.waged.wages.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar..anashb.theashc.ashd.ashes.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear..manypreparationsb.muchpreparationc.preparationsd.preparation.Paitingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities..oilb.anoilc.oilsd.theoil.Intheviewoftheforeignexperts,therewasn’t____oilhere..muchb.lotsofc.agreatdealofd.many.Thelargehousesarebeingpainted,but______..ofgreatexpenseb.atagreatexpensec.inalotofexpensesd.byhighexpense.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______..muchnewfurniturec.muchnewfurnitures.manynewfurnitured.manynewfurnitures.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______..roomsnumberb.roomnumberc.room’snumbersd.roomnumberscando______workinashorttime,butamancannotdo______byhimself.greatmanymanyc.muchagreatdeal.greatdealofmuchd.manyagreatmany.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven..howmanyinformationc.howmanyinformations.thenumberofinformationd.howmuchinformation.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhisweddingparty..comrade-in-armsc.comrades-in-arm.comrades-in-armsd.comrade-in-arm.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth..womendoctorsc.womandoctors.womendoctord.womandoctor.Aftertenyears,alltheseyoungstersbecame_____..growns-upsc.growns-up.grown-upd.grown-ups.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident..stander-byc.standers-by.stander-bysd.standers-bys.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp..prisoner-of-warsc.prisoners-of-war.prisoners-of-warsd.prisoner-of-war.Themanagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_____madebyLindalately..newreelb.newsreelc.new-reelsd.newsreels.Mary’sdressissimilarinappearancetoher______..eldersisterb.eldersister’sc.eldersistersd.eldersistersdress.Allthepeopleattheconferenceare______..mathematicteachersc.mathematicsteacherb.mathematicsteachersd.mathematic’steachers.ProfessorMackaytoldusthat______ofleadareitssoftnessanditsresistance..somepropertyc.properties.somepropertiesd.property.Physics_____withmatterandmotion..dealb.dealsc.dealingd.are四.答案