搜索
一、元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。1主族元素和单质：IAIIAIIIAIVAVAVIAVIIA0HydrogenHeliumLithiumBerylliumboronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeonSodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgonPotassiumCalciumGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKryptonRubidiumStrontiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenonCesiumBariumThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadonFranciumRadium2过渡元素和单质Fe:ironMn:manganeseCu:copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:gold二化合物的命名：化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-，nona-,deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。1．化合物正电荷部分的读法：直呼其名，即读其元素名称。如CO:carbonmonoxideAl2O3:aluminiumoxideN2O4：Dinitrogentetroxide对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferricoxideCu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxideCuO:copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide２．化合物负电荷部分的读法：２．１二元化合物：常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide，如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide，sulfide，nitride,phosphide,carbide，hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide，非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见２。２）；非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀，如O22-:peroxideO2-:superoxide举例：NaF:sodiumfluorideAlCl3:aluminiumchlorideMg2N3:magnesiumnitrideAg2S：silversulfideCaC2:calciumcarbideFe(OH)2：iron(II)hydroxide有些物质常用俗称，如NOnitricoxideN2Onitrousoxide２．２非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride对于其它族的非金属氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀—ane，氮族还可加-ine举例：PH3:phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diborane２．３无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid举例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacid２．４含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸per-ic正酸–ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根–ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代举例：HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion２．５盐正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。如FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonateNaH2PO4:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。如KNaCO3:potassiumsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water三物理性质（physicalproperties）colour:colorless,red-brown,violet-black,purple-black,paleyellow,darkbrownsmell:odorless,pungent,penetrating,offensive,choking,bitter,sour,sweetstate:solid,liquid,gas,gaseous,oily,crystalline,uncrystalline,molten,fusedsolubility:soluble,insoluble,slightlysoluble,verysoluble,density:heavy,light,lessdense,denser,greatlydenser,slightlydenser,aboutthesamedensehardness:hard,soft,ductile,malleabletoxicity:toxic,poisonousmeltingpoint,boilingpoint:high,lowconductivity:electricalconductivity;thermalconductivity;conductor;insulator;semiconductor四化学性质(chemicalproperties)stability:stable,unstable,reactive,unreactiveredoxproperty:oxidizingability,reducingability,oxidizingagent(oxidant),reducingagent(reductant),oxidation,reduction,oxidationstate,valence,strong,weakacid-baseproperty:acidic,basic,strong,weak,monohydroxybase,monoproticacid,五化学方程式（ChemicalEquations）1反应名称：Combination；decomposition；singledisplacement；doubledisplacement；redoxreaction；nonredoxreaction；disproportionation；neutralization；exothermicreaction;endothermicreaction;reversiblereaction;forwardreaction;reversereaction;spontaneousreaction;nonspontaneousreaction2反应条件：heat;burn;ignite/ignition;electrolyze/electrolysis;under/atambient/roomtemperature;understandardpressure;with/inthepresenceofacatalyst3读法：Nitrogenreactswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.1molnitrogenreactswith3molhydrogentoform2molammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.Nitrogencombineswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.Ammoniadecomposestonitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.Reactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalystgivesammonia.Athightemperatureandpressure,reactionofnitrogenwithhydrogeninthepresenceofacatalysttakesplace.六化学计算(ChemicalCalculation)1化学术语：atomicmass/weight;molecularweight;amount(ofsubstance);mole;numberofmoles;molarmass;molarvolume;concentration;molarity;excessagent;limitingagent；reactant;product;yield;2数学术语：＋－×÷运算名称additionsubtractionmulplicationdivision动词读法addsubstract(ed)·frommultiply(ied)·bydivide(d)·by介词读法plusminustimesover运算结果sumdifferenceproductquotiento/zeropointooone2/3twothirds＝equals/isequalto≈isapproximatelyequalto＜lessthan＞greaterthanx