文体学期末论文I-Have-a-dream(全英)

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1ABriefStylisticAnalysisof“IHaveADream”DeliveredbyMartinLutherKing,Jr.ⅠIntroductionMartinLutherKing,Jr.wasbornonJanuary15,1929inAtlanta,Georgia,thesonofaclergymanandthegrandsonofaslave.Asaleaderinestablishinganonviolentcivilrightsmovement,KingwontheNobelPeacePrizein1964.Lifehewasarrestedthreetimes,threetimestheassassination.KingwasaBaptistminister,oneofthefewleadershiprolesavailabletoblackmenatthetime.Hebecameacivilrightsactivistearlyinhiscareer.HeledtheMontgomeryBusBoycott(1955–1956)andhelpedfoundtheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference(1957),servingasitsfirstpresident.Hiseffortsledtothe1963MarchonthestepsoftheLincolnMemorial,KingmadeafamousspeechIHaveaDreamandheexpressedhisaspirationtogiveblacksequalrights.HereheraisedpublicconsciousnessofthecivilrightsmovementandestablishedhimselfasoneofthegreatestoratorsinU.S.history.Reviewingthewholespeechinsuchcontext,wefindoutmanystylisticfeaturesthatarerareinothergeneralpublicspeeches.Therefore,itdeservesourexplorationtoexhibitwhatthestylisticcharacteristicsofpersuasivespeechare.Theexaminationwillbecarriedoutintwoperspectives,lexicalandsemantics.IILexicalFeatures1DoubletraitsofexpressionGenerallyspeakingapublicspeechpossessesdoubletraitsofexpression:Itisformalasisrequiredofwrittenlanguage,anditisyetnotdifficulttounderstandatthetimeofdeliveryasisrequiredofthespokenmode.Dr.KingusedmanyfirstpersonpronounsI,me,out,us,wearefrequentlyused.Thefirstpersonpronouns,especiallythepluralformwe/usincludesbothDr.Kingandtheaudience.Inthisway,theaudiencewouldfeelintimate.Therefore,itiseasytowinthesupportoftheaudience.Wecanfindwordslikespontaneously,enthusiasm,foresight,persecuted.....wereused2showstheimportantoftheperson.MartinLutherKingusedalargenumbersofbigwordsandillustratedthisspeechismoreformalandcomplexthanthegeneralones.Althoughbigwordsappearedincreasethedifficultyofunderstanding,thisshowsthespeechmoreformalanddignified,andmadetheaudiencesfeltthespeechmaker'ssolemnityinpolitics.2DynamicverbstorecaptureMartinLutherKing,Jr.utilizeddynamicverbstomakeavividsituationandinvokethepeople’sconsonance,e.g.go,stand,come,seek,say,Let,join,exile,hope,hold,delivered,etc.Healsousesomeverbphrasestoexpressastrongfaith,e.g.willriseup,liveupto,believe,gobackto,etc.IIISemanticFeatureThespeechisorganicwholeanditisdeliveredeffectivelythroughdiverserhetoricaldevices.1AnorganicorganizationClearorganizationisvitaltospeech-making.Themaincontentofblackspeechonnationalequality,itevenaffectsmanylargeinAmericaneventheworld.Attheverybeginning,MartinLutherKing,Jr.ledustoreviewandaffirmedTheEmancipationProclamationissignificant(paragraph1).Next,herevealsthelifeofblackshape,attackedtheUnitedStatesthedarksideofsociety,havetheirrightfulclaim(paragraphs2-16).Finally,hissaidthattheoutlookofthefuture,thebrightandthevictorywillbecome(paragraphs17-23).2DiverseandeffectivelyrhetoricaldevicesFromtheeulogy,wecanobservethatBushadoptedavarietyofrhetoricaldevicestoenhancehisexpressiveness.A.ParallelismParallelismisasyntacticover-regularity.Itmeansexactrepetitioninequivalentpositions.Toputitsimply,parallelismmeansthebalancingofsentenceelementsthataregrammaticallyequal.Parallelismisregularlyemployedinthelistingoffacts,3ideas,events,etc,andtheparallelelementsmayrangefromaminimumoftwotoanynumberrequired.Inthisspeech,thereisalargenumberofparallelisms,makingthespeech.muchmoreforceful;Forexample:Onehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater(Paragraph3)Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal.IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi,astateswelteringwiththeheatofinjustice,swelteringwiththeheatofoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Theuseoftheseparallelismreinforcesthemeaningandhelpstobuildupanemotionalclimaxandthereforeveryeffective.Itistraditionallybelievedthatparallelismisusedforthepurposeofemphasizingandenhancing,especiallyinspeech,theideasexpressedbythespeaker.B.RepetitionThroughoutthespeech,Dr.Kingrepeatswordsandsentence.Inaspeech,repetitionnotonlymakesiteasyfortheaudiencetofollowwhatthespeakerissaying,butalsogivesastrongrhythmicqualitytothespeechandmakesitmorememorable.Inparagraphs8through16,forexample,Kingusesthewords“Ihaveadream”ninetimes.Thisrepetitionhelpstoachievethefunctionofcoherenceindiscourseandthefunctionofreinforcementinmoodandemotion,expressingthespeaker’sstrongemotionoflongingforfreedom,justice,righteousnessandamuchmoreunitednationofallofGod’schildren.Itiseasyforustofindoutmanyexamplesofrepetitionusedinthecontext:Butonehundredyearslater,wemustfacethetragicfactthattheNegroisstill4notfree.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