William Blake 布雷克

“IknowthatThisWorldisaWorldofIMAGINATION&Vision.”“TheNatureofmyWorkisvisionaryimaginative.”---WilliamBlake(1757-1827)WilliamBlake’sportrait1.Pre-romanticism2.LifeExperience3.PointofView4.Majorworks5.appreciation:Tigerthechimneysweeper6.Comparison:TigerandLamb7.literarycontributionOutlinePre-romanticismWhendidPre-romanticismappear?inthelatterhalfofthe18thcenturyWhatarethemainfeaturesofPre-romanticism?1)RomanticRevival;2)StrongprotestagainstthebondageofClassicism3)Claimsofpassionandemotion4)RenewedinterestsinmedievalliteraturePre-romanticismWhoaretherepresentatives?WilliamBlakeandRobertBurnsWhat’sthesignificance?markedthedeclineofclassicismpavedthewayforthecomingofromanticisminEnglandBorninLondonon28November1757thesonofahosier.Williamdidnotattendschool,andwaseducatedathomebyhismother.Attheageof10heenteredadrawingschoolandlaterstudiedforatimeattheschooloftheRoyalAcademyofArts.At14,BlakebecameapprenticedtoengraverJamesBasireofGreatQueenStreet,forthetermofsevenyears.Attheageof21,hewastobecomeaprofessionalengraver.At24hemarriedCatherineBoucher.Later,inadditiontoteachingCatherinetoreadandwrite,hetrainedherasanengraver.In1800,BlakemovedtoacottageatFelphaminSussextotakeupajobillustratingtheworksofWilliamHayley,aminorpoet.InAugust1803Blake'stroublewithauthoritycametoahead,whenhewasinvolvedinaphysicalaltercationwithasoldiercalledJohnSchofield.In1804BlakereturnedtoLondonandbegantowriteandillustrateJerusalem,hismostambitiousworkLaterinhislifeBlakebegantosellagreatnumberofhisworks,particularlyhisBibleillustrations,toThomasButts.Hediedinhisseventiethyear.PoliticallyBlackwasarebel,makingfriendswiththoseradicals.Hestronglycriticizedthecapitalistcruelexploitation.HecherishedgreatexpectationsandenthusiasmfortheFrenchRevolution.Heoncesaidthedarksatanicmillsleftmenemployed,killedchildrenandforcedprostitution.LiterarilyBlackwasthefirstimportantromanticpoet,showingcontemptfortheruleofreason,oppositetheclassicaltraditionofthe18thcentury,andtreasuringtheindividual'simagination.MajorLiteraryWorksPoeticalSketches(1783):hisearliestpoems,fullofjoy,laughter,loveandharmonySongsofInnocence(1789):presentahappyandinnocentworld,thoughwithitsevilsandsufferingsTheMarriageofHeavenandHell(1790):hisfirstpropheticalworkandmostimportantprosework;exploretherelationshipofthecontrariesSongsofExperience(1794):presentaworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytoneJerusalem:TheEmanationoftheGiantAlbion(1820):hislongestilluminatedwork;expoundhistheoryofImaginationSongsofInnocence(1809)Alovelyvolumeofpoems,presentingahappyandinnocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevilsandsufferings.However,in“Thelittleblackboy”and“Thechimneysweeper”,wefindracialdiscriminationandsufferingsofthepoor.TheLambSongsofExperience(1794)AmuchmatureworkShowthesufferingsofthemiserableItmarksthepoet’sprogressinhisoutlookonlife.Tohim,experiencehadbroughtafullersenseofthepowerofevil,andofthegreatmiseryandpainofthepeople’slife.Thesymbolchangesfromthelambtothetiger.AuguriesofInnocence(brief)ToseeaWorldinaGrainofSand，AndaHeaveninaWildFlower，HoldInfinityinthepalmofyourhand，AndEternityinanhour.一沙一世界，一花一天堂。无限掌中置，刹那成永恒。——徐志摩（译）WilliamBlake’s“TheLamb”THELAMBLittleLambwhomadethee小羊羔，谁创造了你？Dostthouknowwhomadethee你知道是谁创造了你？Gavetheelife&bidtheefeed.给你生命，把你喂养Bythestream&o'erthemead;在溪流旁的草场；Gavetheeclothingofdelight,给你柔软，发亮Softestclothingwoolybright;毛绒绒的衣裳；Gavetheesuchatendervoice,给你这样柔美的声音Makingallthevalesrejoice:使所有的山谷都欢畅？Theuseofrepetitionandparallelismallowsforaverypredictableandsimplepresentationwhichisnothinglessthanintentionallychild-like.QuestionsWhoisthecreatorofthelamb?Whatdoesthepoetglorifyinhispoems?WhydoesthepoetmentionthelambinthepoemofTiger?Doyouthinkthelambandthetigercanilluminateeachother?WilliamBlake’s“TheTiger”p.362TheTyger/老虎(I)（郭沫若译）Tyger!Tyger!BurningbrightIntheforestsofthenight,WhatimmortalhandoreyeCouldframethyfearfulsymmetry?InwhatdistantdeepsorskiesBurntthefireofthineeyes?Onwhatwingsdareheaspires?Whatthehanddareseizethefire?Andwhatshoulder,&whatart,Couldtwistthesinewsofthyheart?Andwhenthyheartbegantobeat,Whatdreadhand?andwhatdreadfeet?老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中燃烧着的煌煌的火光，是怎样的神手或天眼造出了你这样的威武堂堂？你炯炯的两眼中的火燃烧在多远的天空或深渊？他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？用怎样的手夺来火焰？又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧，把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？当你的心脏开始搏动时，使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？TheTyger/老虎(II)Whatthehammer?Whatthechain?Inwhatfurnacewasthybrain?Whatheanvil?WhatdreadgraspDareitsdeadlyterrorsclasp?Whenthestarsthrewdowntheirspears,Andwater’dheavenwiththeirtears,Didhesmilehisworktosee?DidhewhomadetheLambmakethee?Tiger!Tiger!BurningbrightIntheforestsofthenight,Whatimmortalhandoreye,Dareframethyfearfulsymmetry?是怎样的槌？怎样的链子？在怎样的熔炉中炼成你的脑筋？是怎样的铁砧？怎样的铁臂敢于捉着这可怖的凶神？群星投下了他们的投枪。用它们的眼泪润湿了穹苍，他是否微笑着欣赏他的作品？他创造了你，也创造了羔羊？老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中燃烧着的煌煌的火光，是怎样的神手或天眼造出了你这样的威武堂堂？QuestionsfordiscussionWhatpartsofthetigerhavebeendescribedinthepoem?Isitarealisticdescriptionofthetiger?Whatdoesthetigerstandfororsymbolize?Whatdoesthepoemglorify?Inwhichyearwasthepoemwritten?Anyconnectionwiththehistoricalbackground?H