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TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(1993)-GRADEEIGHT-TEXTAAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehaviour.Hemustobtaindatabothontheresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthattendtoencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifaneconomistwereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost梡eoplewithrisingincomes,stableincomes,ordecliningincomes梙ewouldprobablyanswer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actually,intheyears1947-1950,theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedtheleast.Thisshowsusthattraditionalassumptionsaboutearningandspendingarenotalwaysreliable.Mothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogoup,theywillhastentobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodown,theywillpostponebuying.Butresearchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalwaystrue.Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.Onetypicalattitudewasexpressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Inafewmonths,shesaid,we'llhavetopaymoreformeatandmilk;we'llhavelesstospendonotherthings.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.Furthermore,theriseinpricesthathasalreadytakenplacemayberesentedaddbuyer'sresistancemaybeevoked.Thisisshownbythefollowingtypicalcomment:Ijustdon'tpaytheseprices;theyaretoohigh.Traditionalassumptionsshouldbeinvestigatedcarefully,andfactorsoftimeandplaceshouldbeconsidered.TheinvestigationsmentionedabovewerecarriedoutinAmerica.InvestigationsconductedatthesametimeinGreatBritain,however,yieldedresultsthatweremoreinagreementwithtraditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostconductivetospendingappearstobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeoplehavebecomeaccustomedtoconsiderthemrightandexpectthemtoremainstable,theyarelikelytobuy.Thus,itappearsthatthecommonbusinesspolicyofmaintainingstablepriceswithoccasionalsalesordiscountsisbasedonacorrectunderstandingofconsumerpsychology.21.ThebesttitleofthepassageisA.Consumer'sPurchasingPowerB.RelationshipbetweenIncomeandPurchasingPowerC.TraditionalAssumptionsD.StudiesinConsumerBehaviour22.Theexampleofthemechanic'swifeisintendedtoshowthatintimesofrisingpricesA.peoplewithdecliningincometendtobuylessB.peoplewithstableincometendtoborrowlessC.peoplewithincreasingincometendtobuymoreD.peoplewithmoneyalsotendtobuyless23.FindingsininvestigationsinBritainarementionedtoshowA.factorsoftimeandplaceshouldbetakenintoconsiderationB.peopleinBritainbehaveinthesamewayasthoseinAmericaC.maintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingofconsumerpsychologyD.occasionaldiscountsandsalesarenecessary24.AccordingtothepassagepeopletendtobuymorewhenA.pricesareexpectedtogoupB.pricesareexpectedtogodownC.pricesdon'tfluctuateD.thebusinesspolicyremainsunchangedReadTEXTB,anextractfromapopularsciencebook,andanswerquestions25to28.TEXTBWeedCommunitiesInanintactplantcommunity,undisturbedbyhumanintervention,thecompositionofacommunityismainlyafunctionoftheclimateandthetypeofsoil.Today',suchoriginalcommunitiesareveryrare梩heyarepracticallylimitedtonationalparksandreservations.Civilizationhasprogressivelytransformedtheconditionsdeterminingthecompositionofplantcommunities.Forseveralthousandyearsvastareasofarablelandhavebeenhoed,ploughed,harrowedandgrasslandhasbeencutorgrazed.Duringthelastdecadestheuseofchemicalsubstances,suchasfertilizersandmostrecentlyofweedkillers(herbicides)hasgreatlyinfluencedthecompositionofweedcommunitiesinfarmland.Allselectiveherbicideshavespecificrangesofactivity.Theycontrolthemostimportantweedsbutnotalltheplantsofacommunity.Thelatterprofitfronithenewfreespaceandfromthefertilizerasmuchasthecropdoes;hencetheyoftenspreadrapidlyandbecomeproblemweedsunlessanotherherbicidefortheireradicationisfound.Thesoilcontainsenormousquantitiesofseedsofnumerousspecies梪ptohalfamillionperm'accordingtoscientificliterature梩hatretaintheirabilitytogerminatefordecades.Thusitmayoccurthatweedsthatwerehardlynoticedbeforeemergeinmassesaftertheeliminationoftheircompetitors.Hence,theknowledgeofthecompositionofweedcommunitiesbeforeselectiveweedkillersareappliedisnotonlyofscientificinterestsincetheplantspeciespresentinthesoilintheformofseedsmustbeconsideredaspotentialweeds.Forefficientcontroltheidentificationofweedsattheseedlingstage,i.e.atatimewhentheycanstillbecontrolled,isparticularlynecessary;forthechoiceoftheappropriateherbicidesdependsonthecompositionoftheweedcommunity.25.Thecompositionofaplantcommunity-A.dependsonclimateandsoiltypeinavirginenvironmentundamagedbyhumanbeingsB.wasgreatlyaffectedbyhumanbeingsbeforetheystartedusingchemicalsubstancesonthesoilC.wasradicallytransformedbyuncivilizedhumanbeingsD.referstoplants,trees,climate,typeofsoilandtheecologicalenvironment26.Whyarethereproblemweeds?A.Becausetheyaretheweedsthatcannotbeeradicatedbyherbicides.B.Becauseallselectiveherbicidescanencouragethegrowthofpreviouslyunimportantweedsbyeliminatingtheircompetitors.C.Becausetheywerehardlyconsideredbeforesothattheirseedswerenotpreventedfromgerminating.D.Becausetheybenefitgreat