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“”.1TCP/IPTCP/IP1“”.2.2.11980’S——1990’S1980’S——1990’S1970’S——1980’S1970’S——1980’S1960’S——1970’S1960’S——1970’SpcBranch.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkWANInternetingNetworkpcLocalNetworkServerLowSpeedLinesHostNetworkHostIBMSNAIBMX.252“”.2.2OSIOSIOSIApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkDatalinkPhysicalNetworkprocessestoapplicationDatarepresentationInterhostcommunicationEnd-to-EndconnectionsAddressesandbestpathAccesstomediaBinarytransmissionISO“”3“”.2.3ApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkDatalinkPhysicalRouterLevel3SwitchBridgeLevel2SwitchRepeaterHubGatewayRepeaterbitBridgeLANframeRouterpacketGatewayInternetGateway4“”.2.4OSITCP/IPOSITCP/IPOSITCP/IPEthernetTokenRingOthersNetwareArchitectureApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkDatalinkPhysicalOSIReferenceModelTCP/IPProtocolApplicationNetbiosEmulatorNCPIPXNetwareShellSPXTELNETSMTPTFTPFTPIPICMPARPTCPUDPTCP/IPOSIIPIPTCPUDPTCP/IPTelnetFTPSMTPNOVELLSPX/IPX5“”.2.5ApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkDatalinkPhysicalApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkDatalinkPhysicalHOSTAHOSTBFrameTrailerFrameHeaderNetworkHeaderDataNetworkHeaderDataData01011010101100016“”.3TCP/IP.3.1TCP/IPTCP/IPTCP/IPApplicationTransportInternetNetworkInterfaceHardwareTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)TCPUDP7“”.3.2TCP/IPTCP/IPTCP/IPApplicationTransportInternetNetworkInterfaceHardwareInternetProtocol(IP)InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)ReverseAddressResolutionProtocol(RARP)IPIPTCP/IPICMPARPRARP8“”.3.3ICMPICMPICMPPINGBICMPEchoRequestICMPEchoReplyABICMPIPRFC792ICMPICMPEchoRequestPingICMPEchoReply9“”.3.4ARPARPARPIPEthernetARP10.0.0.1,IP:10.0.0.1=???Ethernet=:0010:0020:003010.0.0.210.0.0.1ARPIPMACAARPIPMACBARPIPMACA10“”.4.4.1LANLANLANLocalAreaNetwork1000modemProtocolsStandards;LANLANLAN11“”.4.2LANLANLANLANHubBridge/SwitchRouterATMSwitchLANLANLANCSMA/CD12“”.4.3LANLAN13“”.4.4CSMA/CDPCPCPCCSMA/CD14“”.4.5WANWANWANWideAreaNetworkDevicesSwitchingTypeWANWANOSIWAN“”15“”.4.6WANWANWANWANRouterATMSwitchAccessServerWANSwitchModem/CSU/DSUWANModem/CSU/DSUATM16“”.4.7WANWANWANHDLCLAPBPPPX.25FRISDNModem/CSU/DSUModem/CSU/DSUWANHDLCISOLAPBPPPX.25FRX.25ISDN17“”.4.8WANWANWANWANWANSS7ModemX.2518“”.4.9ModemModemModemPSTNAccessServerServerCorp.NetworkModem19“”.4.10ISDNISDNISDN128KPAPCHAPRADIUSISDNAccessServerServerCorp.NetworkISDNISDNISDNISDNISDNPAPCHAPRADIUSClient/Server20“”ISDNISDNISDN(BRI)(PRI)30128kbps2BD16k64k*230BD2Mbps64k*3064kISDNB64KbpsD1664KbpsISDNBRI2B+D192KbpsPRI30B+D2048Kbps21“”ISDNISDNISDNISDN——ISDNISDN1NT1OSIISDNNT1D2NT2OSI1TE1ISDN2TE2ISDNTATE2ISDNTNT1NT2NT1NT2STE1NT2ISDNURTE2TAISDN22“”.4.11Frame-RelayFrame-RelayFrame-RelayTrunksCSU/DSUCSU/DSUWANCSU/DSUCSU/DSUCSU/DSUTrunksOSIATMISDNISDNLAPD23“”.4.12Frame-RelayFrame-RelayFrame-RelayFrameRelayServerCorp.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkpcBranch.Network64Kbps-2Mbps——1600/CIRX.2524“”.4.13X.25X.25X.25X.25TrunksCSU/DSUCSU/DSUWANModemCSU/DSUCSU/DSUTrunks9.6kX.25DataTerminalEquipmentDTEDataCircuit_terminatingEquipmertDCEDTEDCEX.25OSIDTEDCEX.21X.21bisVLAPBLAPBDTE--DCEX.25DTEDCE25“”.4.14X.25X.25X.25X.25ServerCorp.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkpcBranch.Network9.6kX.25X.25X.2526“”.4.15100%64KbpsServerCorp.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkpcBranch.NetworkInternet64K64K100%30%40%DSU/CSU27“”.4.16-HDLC-HDLC-HDLCModem/CSU/DSUModem/CSU/DSUWANHDLCHDLCHDLC32HDLC28“”.4.17-PPP-PPP-PPPPAPCHAPModem/CSU/DSUModem/CSU/DSUWANPPPPPPPPPPoint-To-PointProtocolTCP/IPPPPLCPNCPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPAPCHAP29“”.4.18X.25Frame-RelayX.25Frame-RelayX.25Frame-RelayX.25X.25256IPFrame-RelayX.251600bytesIPX.25256IPX.25X.251600IP30“”.4.19VideoVoiceFileTransferClient/ServerTerminalEmulationE-mailISDN,FrameRelayorFrameRelayAnalogDial-UpAnalogDial-UporISDN0123+ISDN31“”.5TCP/IP32