美国大学治理的边界

李奇*(北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875):美国大学治理的边界变化显示,公司治理虽被称为研究型大学治理的常态,但共同治理仍然是指导大学权威决策的首要原则;大学治理结构并没有呈现明显的变化趋势,但大学治理文化却更加受到重视;在学术权力和行政权力的互动过程中,权力制衡原则仍在有效发挥影响作用对我国现代大学制度建设来说,这些变化具有十分重要的启示:大学治理;治理结构;共同治理;公司治理:G649:A:10004203(2011)07009606TheShiftingContoursofUniversityGovernanceintheUnitedStatesLIQi(FacultyofEducation,BeijingNormalUniversity,Beijing100875,China)Abstract:TheshiftingcountoursofuniversitygovernanceintheUnitedStatesrevealthatsharedgovernanceisstilltheoverridingprincipleguidingthedecision-makinginAmericanuniversitiesdespitethecommentthatcorporatewaysarethenorminresearchuniversities;that,whilethereisnodefinitivetrendinthechangeofuniversitygovernancestructures,increasingattentionhasbeenpaidtouniversitygovernancecultures;andthattheprincipleofchecksandbalancesisstilleffectiveinregulatingacademicandadministrativepowersintheacademia.ThesechangeshavealsosignificantimplicationsforChinashighereducationinquestforthemodernuniversitysystem.Keywords:universitygovernance;governancestructure;sharedgovernance;corporategovernance?,[1],,[2],,,[3],?,,,9620117327高等教育研究JournalofHigherEducationJul.,2011Vol.32No.7*:20110603:(2009AC3):(1962-),,,,,,[4],,,,,[5];,[6],,,,,[7]一共同治理与公司治理之间的边界75,[8],,,,47%,,;27%,,,,;26%,,[9],:,,,,,,,[10],[11],,,,,[12],,,,,,,2010,49.4%53%[13][14]1986,40%[15],,:(1);(2);(3);(4);(5),[16],2000,86%[17],,79%75%79%,,74%71%70%,,,,19%,,53%,,:[18],19181936,,,,,,97,,,,二治理结构与治理文化之间的边界[19],,:,,,,(WayneStateUniversity),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[20],,:(1);(2);(3);(4);(5)[21],20,20,,,[22],[23],[24],,,,,[25],[26],,,,,,三学术权力和行政权力之间的边界,:,,,,,,,,::,;,,:,,98,,,,,,,,,,,;,,[27],,;,[28],,,201124,[29][30];2005,,,,2006,,,1992,78,;,,,,,,,[31]四结论与启示,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:1.,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2.,,,,,,,,99,,,,,,,,,,,;,,3.[32],,[33],,,,:(1),,;,(2),,,(3),,,,,,,,:[1]LEACHWD.SharedGovernanceinHigherEducation:StructuralandCulturalResponsestoaChangingNationalClimate[R].CenterforCollaborativePolicy,CaliforniaStateUniversity,April2008:5.[2][15][32]BIRNBAUMR.HowCollegesWork:TheCyberneticsofAcademicOrganizationandLeadership[M].SanFrancisco:JosseyBass,1988:6.[3]GAYLEDJ,TEWARIEB,WHITEAQJr.GovernanceintheTwentyFirstCenturyUniversity:ApproachestoEffectiveLeadershipandStrategicManagement:ASHEERICHigherEducationReport[R].SanFrancisco:JosseyBass,30(1),2003:1,43.[4]MARSMM,METCALFEAS.TheEntrepreneurialDomainsofAmericanHigherEducation[M].SanFrancisco:JosseyBass,34(5),2009:29.[5]TRAKMANL.AnOutsidersViewofGovernanceModels[J].Academe,94(3),May/June2008:4143.[6][7]GERBERLG.InextricablyLinked:SharedGovernanceandAcademicFreedom[J].Acdeme,87(3),May/June2001:2224.[8]KEZARA,JLESTER,etal.ChallengingStereotypesthatInterferewithEffectiveGovernance[J].Thought&Action,Fall2006:121134.[9][17][18]CenterforHigherEducationPolicyAnalysis.ChallengesforGovernance:ANationalReport[R].LosAngeles:CHEPA,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,April2003:9.[10]MENDOZAP.AMissionofAmenities,notEducation[J].Academe,96(6),Nov/Dec2010:5659.[11]MICHAELSHATTOCKM.ReBalancingModernConceptsofUniversityGovernance[J].HigherEducationQuarterly,56(3),July2002:236.[12]RHOADESG.Capitalism,AcademicStyle,andSharedGovernance[J].Acdeme,91(3),May/Jun2005:3842.[13][14]AssociationofGoverningBoardsofUniversitiesandColleges.2010PoliciesandPractices,andCompositionofGoverningBoardsofPublicColleges,Universities,andSystems:ExecutiveSummary[R].Washington,D.C.:AGBPress,2010.[16]WAUGHWLJr.ConflictingValuesandCultures:theManagerialThreattoUniversityGovernance[J].PolicyStudiesReview,15(4),Winter1998:6174.[19]BENJAMINR,CARROLLS,etal.TheRedesignofGovernanceinHigherEducation[R].SantaMonica,CA:RAND,1993:23.[20]WecometoMichiganStateUniversitysAcademicGovernance[EB/OL].[20110529].~acadgov/.[21][23]KAPLINWA,LEEBA.TheLawofHigherEducation:AComprehensiveGuidetoLegalImplica100tionsofAdministrativeDecisionMaking(4thEd.)[M].SanFrancisco:JosseyBass,2006:22,25.[22]AmericanCouncilofTrusteesandAlumni.GovernanceinthePublicInterest:ACaseStudyoftheUniversityofNorthCarolinaSystem[R].Washington,D.C.:ACTA,June2005.[24]AAUP.RegionalAccreditationStandardsConcerningAcademicFreedomandtheFacultyRoleinGovernance[EB/OL].[20110529].[25]KOTTERJP,HESKETTJL.CorporateCultureandPerformance[M].NewYork:TheFreePress,1992:141.[26]CUMMINGST,HUSEE.OrganizationDevelopmentandChange[M].StPaul,MN:WestPublishingCompany,1989.[27]CodeofEthicsoftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia[EB/OL].[20110529].[28]TIERNEYWG.CanWeTalk?:NoConfidenceandtheCollegePresidency[EB/OL].[20110529].[29]SCHMIDTP.FacultyVotesNoConfidenceinIdahoStateU.President[EB/OL].[20110529].[30]CRESTAJOEY.FacultyTakingNoConfidenceVoteonUNHpresident[EB/OL].[20110529].[31][34]EUBENDR.SomeLegalAspectsofCollegialGovernance(2003).[EB/OL].[20110529].[