高一英语语法大全

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直接引语和间接引语1.直接引语在改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的调整。eg:Hesaid:IbrokeyourCDplayer.(一般过去时改成过去完成时)HetoldmehehadbrokenmyCDplayer.Jennysaid,Ihavelostabook.(现在完成时改成过去完成时)Jennysaidshehadlostabook.Mumsaid,I'llgotoseeafriend.(一般将来时改成过去将来时)Mumsaidshewouldgotoseeafriend.过去完成时保留原有的时态Hesaid,Wehadn'tfinishedourhomework.Hesaidtheyhadn'tfinishedtheirhomework.注意直接引语是客观真理,过去进行时,时态不变。2.在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰,从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如:Marysaid,:Mybrotherisanengineer.Marysaidherbrotherwasandengineer.3.直接引语如果是反意疑问句,选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。如:Hesaid,Canyourun,Mike?HeaskedMikewhether/ifhecouldrun.4.直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为tell(ask,order,beg等)+(not)todosth.句型。如:passmethewater,please.saidhe.Heaskedhimtopassherthewater.5.直接引语如果是以Let's开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用suggest+动名词或从句的结构。如:Shesaid,Let'sgotothecinema.Shesuggestedgoingtothecinema.或Shesuggestedthattheyshouldgotothecinema.现在进行时表将来的动作现在进行时表将来的动作,谓语通常为瞬间动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,start,return,stay,meet,get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。(1)用现在进行时表示将来,指的是近期的,按计划或安排要发生的动作。(2)现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于:前者通常用瞬间动词(有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如:do)如:go,come,start,return,get,arrive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。Heisreadinganovel.他在看小说。Thetrainisarrivingsoon.火车就要进站了。(3)用现在进行时表示将来的时间,在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。(4)现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于:前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的,而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情,因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。WhatareyoudoingnextFriday?下星期五你们打算干什么?Theplanetakesoffat7:30tonight.飞机今晚七点半起飞。定语从句1.定语从句的结构及理解2.定语从句的关系词的使用3.定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳(一)定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句:限定性定语从句:从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明,缺少它,则句义显得不完整,从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明,解释,它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1.Beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.2.Treeaftertreewentdown,cutdownbythewater,whichmusthavebeenthreemetersdeep.3.Flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.4.Theirtalkincludesrhythmandrhymingwordsaswellastonguetwisters,whichoftenmaketheaudienceapplaud.(二)定语从句的结构:在复合句中,修饰某个名词或代词的句子(做这个名词或代词的定语)叫定语从句,定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面,被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词,它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接,这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词(关系代词或关系副词:that,which,who,whose,when,where,why)。先行词在定语从句中充当主语,宾语,时间,地点,原因状语。结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句。1.Thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.2.InJapan,someonewhoseesanotherpersonmakingthegesturewillthinkitmeansmoney.3.Athemeparkisacollectionofrides,exhibitionsorotherattractionsthatarebasedonacommontheme.4.TheparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsintheriversandcoastalwatersofAsia.5.Visitorscangoonexcitingrideswheretheycanfeelwhatitisliketodothethingstheyhaveseentheirheroesdointhemovie.6.OprahWinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.(三)关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词,这些关系词在介词后面常用which或whom.1.TherewasamanwithwhomIwouldhavetoworktogetherandfinallythemanagerofthecompany.2.Manypeoplewhosawthefilmwereafraidtoswimintheseawhentheyrememberedthescenesinwhichpeoplewereeatenbytheshark.知识重点与难点(一)当先行词有最高级,序数词修饰,是不定代词,或是all,no,only等形式时,关系代词一般用that,而不能用which。1.TheTitanicwasthelargestshipthathadeverbeenbuiltatthattime.2.Thereisonethingthatkeepsworryingme.(三)定语从句的简化表达:1.ThemanwhoissittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Theletterthatwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionthatisbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明:以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来:1.ThemansittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明:修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外,还可以用非谓语动词形式:doing短语,done短语,beingdone短语,tobedone短语修饰。其结构和意思如下:1.被修饰名词+doing短语:正在做….的人/正在发生的事。2.被修饰名词+done短语:被…..的人/事3.被修饰名词+beingdone短语:正在被…..的人/事4.被修饰名词+tobedone短语:将要被…..的人/事(1)Doyouknowthemantalkingtomysister?(2)The“crazy”gesture,movingtheindexfingerinacircleinfrontoftheear,means“youhaveaphonecall”inBrazil.(3)Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?(4)Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.(5)Thestudentstoattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow.(6)GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.(7)TheYellowRiver,saidtobe“themotherriver”runsacrossChinalikeahugedragon.总结:以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词,不定式的各种形式作定语。1.这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语,则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2.分词作定语时,其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做,V-ed表示被动意义。beingdone表示正在被做的3.不定式作定语表示将要发生的,tobedone表示将要被做的【典型例题】[例1]Friendshipisneededbyall,_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.it分析:_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。答案:A[例2]UncleLi_____Iworkedthreeyearsagohasretirednow.A.whoB.whomC.withwhomD.towhom分析:_____Iworkedthreeyearsago作为定语从句修饰先行词UncleLi,从句完整的表达是:IworkedwithUncleLithreeyearsago.所以关系词前应加上介词with。答案:C[例3]Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained分析:定语从句_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork修饰先行词thereason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案:A[例4]Teachers,_____workisratherhard,arebeingbetterpaidthanbefore.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whose分析:非限定性定语从句_____workisratherhard修饰先行词teachers,它与从句中的work是从属关系,关系词用whose答案:D[例5]TheOlympicGames,_____in776BC,didn’tincludedw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