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Unit1目录ContentsTheRelationshipBetweenManandNatureTheIcyDefenderTheNormandyLandingsKeyPoint01PARTONETherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.InprimitivesocietyRevereManobtainseverythingheneedsfromnaturebyusingsimpletools.Natureposesnumerousthreatstoh-umanexistence.IntheperiodofagriculturalcivilizationExploitation.Humansbegantoexploitnaturalresourcesandchangenature.Duetothelimitationofproductionlevel,thereisnogreatdamagetonature.IntheearlyindustrialcivilizationCONQUERREVENGEDuringthisperiod,humantechnologyandproductivi--tyimprovedgreatly.Acidrainduststormairpollution……Humanbeingsarenotsatisfiedwiththeexistinglivingenviron-ment,andconstantlyinnovatetechnologytoconquernature,andtakeitfromnaturewithou--trestraint.Thisnotonlycausescatastrophicdamagetonature,butalsoleadstotherevengeandpunishmento-fnatureagainsthumanity.Intheperiodofmoder-ncivilizationInthe20thcentury,man'sexcessiveinterventioninnaturemadepeoplefeelthepowerofnaturalanger.Theconsciousnessoftheprotectionofnatureisgraduallyincreased.Resourcesarescarce,fores-tsaredestroyed,arablelandisreduced,andbiologicalspeciesareextinct.Aseriesofgreenandlow-carbonindustrieshaveemerged.HARMONIOUSHumansneednature,weneedresources,weneedtheenvironment,butnaturedoesn'tneedhumans.02PARTTWOTEXTA02-1TheIcyDefenderTwowars•1812,NapoleonBonaparte•1941,AdolfHitler02-2TheIcyDefenderBriefintroductionofNapoleonBonaparteHewasaFrenchstatesmanandmilitaryleaderwhorosetoprominenceduringtheFrenchRevolutionandledseveralsuccessfulcampaignsduringtheFrenchRevolutionaryWars.TheFrenchlaunchedamajorinvasionofRussiainthesummerof1812.ThecampaigndestroyedRussiancitiesbutresultedinthecollapseoftheGrandarmyandinspiredarenewedpushagainstNapoleonbyhisenemies.02-3TheIcyDefenderNapoleon’sCampaignInthespringof1812,Napoleonassembledanarmyof600000menonthebordersofRussia.Shortlyafterwards,hisarmycrossedtheNemanriver.Russiansretreatedeastward,burningcropsandhomes.InAugust,theyengagedatSmolensk,NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscowafterheconsideredifkeephisarmyinSmolenskforthecomingwinter.02-4TheIcyDefenderRussianarmyretreatedtosafetyandfledtheircapitalanddecidedtolettheRussianwinterfightthewar.InOctober1812,heretreatedfromMoscowbecauseoflackingoffood,clothandetc.RussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.NapoleonledhisarmyretreatwestwardacrossEurope.In1814,Pariswascaptured,hisempireatanend.02-5TheIcyDefenderBriefintroductionofAdolfHitlerHewasaGermanpoliticianwhowastheleaderoftheNaziParty.InJune1941,HitlerorderedaninvasionoftheSovietUnion.02-6TheIcyDefenderHitler’sinvasionTheinvasionhadthreebroadthrust:againstLeningradandMoscowandthroughtheUkraine.Stalinledpeopletoscorchtheearth,farmsandfactoriesareburned,destroyed.Duringthefirsttenweeks,theRussianssuffferedmorethanamillioncasualties.Inthenorth,GermansclosedinonLeningrad.Asthebattledraggedonintowinter,thecity’ssituationbecamedesperate.InthecenterofRussia,Germanshadmadenoplansforwintersupplies,astheseverewintersettledovertheSovietUnion,theRussiawinterbroughttheGermanoffensivetoahalt.02-7TheIcyDefenderBythesummerof1942,Hitlerhadlaunchedtwonewoffensives.Inthesouth,theGermanscapturedSevastopolandpushedeasttoStalingrad.InNovember1942,theRussianslaunchedacounterback.Germantroopswerefurtherweakenedbyalackoffoodandsuppliesandnoshelterforthewinter.During1943and1944,theSovietarmiespushedtheGermansfrontbacktowardthewest.Inthenorth,theRedArmybrokethesiege.ThesurvivorsofLeningradsawtheinvadersdepart.ByMarch1944,theUkrainefarmingregionwasagaininSoviethands.OnMay91944,Sevastopolwasliberated.02-8TheIcyDefenderRussia’sIcyDefenderNapoleonandHitlerbothunderestimatedtheseverityofwinter.Sonaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.03PARTTHREETEXTBMAINIDEATheNormandyLandingsAim:ToopenupasecondfrontinEurope.ThiswouldliberateFranceandopenthewayforthefinalassaultonGermanyitself.Process:TheassaultonNormandybeganat12:15a.m.Thenthemainairborneassaultwastocommencewithinthehour.Thenavalbombardmentbeganaround5:45a.m.MAINIDEATheNormandyLandingsConsequence:Despitedifficulties,Eisenhower'sgamblewiththeelementswastopayoff.TheinvasionforcessucceedinestablishingatoeholdonFrenchsoil.Reinforcementsbegantopourin,thrustingondeepintoFrance.WithinayearHitler’sempire,whichhehadboastedwouldlastathousandyears,layinruins.BACKGROUNDYeah,atthattimeSovietwasbattlingagainstGermanyandSovietwasthrownintodilemma.LotsoftroopswereruinedandMoscowwasalmostseized.SoStalindemandedhisalliesBritainandAmericadosomethingtorelievehisburden.ButthePrimeMinisterChurchillhadhisownthoughts.Hewantedtobenefitfromthebattlebetweenthetwocountries.Sohetookpainstofindtheexcusesforhisdelay.HesaidBritainhadnoabilitytoopenthesecondbattlefield.WhydidChurchillsayso?BecauseheattachedimportancetotheMiddleEastandtheMediterranean.BritainhadplentyofcoloniesattheseplacesandtheywerelikelytobeattackedbyAxisPowers.Obviously,inhisopinion,defendingBritishinterestswasthemostimportant.Althoughtheopeningofthesecondbattlefieldwasdelayedyearafteryear,AlliedPowersfinallydecidedtolaunchtheplanin1944BRIEFINTRODUCTIONTheN