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1.Withlow-powermachineryorvehiclestheoperatorcanusuallyapplysufficientforcethroughasimplemechanicallinkagefromthepedleorhandletothestationarypartofthebrake.Inmanycases,however,thisforcemustbemultipliedbyusinganelaboratebrakingsystem.（P5）用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。2.Thefundamentalprincipleinvolvedistheuseofcompressedairactingthroughapistoninacylindertosetblockbrakesonthewheels.Theactionissimultaneousonthewheelsofallthecarsinthetrain.Thecompressedairiscarriedthroughastronghosefromcartocarwithcouplingsbetweencars;itsreleasetoalltheseparateblockbrakeunits,atthesametime,iscontrolledbytheengineer.(BrakingSystems)（P5）相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输；工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。3.Whenthebrakepedalofanautomobileisdepressed,aforceisappliedtoapistoninamastercylinder.Thepistonforceshydraulicfluidthroughmetaltubingintoacylinderineachwheelwherethefluid’spressuremovestwopistonsthatpressthebrakeshoesagainstthedrum.(BrakingSystems)（P5）当踩下汽车刹车的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸，在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。4.Machineryontologyincludingmechanicalrack,mechanicalconnectionsandmechanicaltransmission,whichisthebasisofmechanical-electricalintegration,playsaroleinsupportingtheotherfunctionalunitsofthesystemandtransmittingmotionandpower.Comparedtopurelymechanicalproducts,theperformanceandfunctionalityofintegrationtechnologyinelectricalandmechanicalsystemshavebeenimprovedalot,whichrequiresmechanicalontologytoadaptitsnewstatusinmechanicalstructure,materials,processingtechnology,aswellastheareasofgeometry.Accordingly,thenewontologyiswithhighefficient,multi-functional,reliableandenergy-saving,small,light-weightedandaestheticallypleasingcharacteristics.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动，它是机电一体化的基础，作用是支撑系统其他功能单元，传递运动和动力。和纯机械产品相比，一体化技术的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高，它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。相应的，新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。5.Detectingsensordetectingsensorpartincludesavarietyofsensorsandsignaldetectioncircuit,anditsfunctionistodetecttheprocessofmechatronicsystemsintheworkitselfandthechangesofrelevantparametersinexternalenvironmentandtransmittheinformationtotheelectroniccontrolunit.Electroniccontrolunitchecktheinformationandsendsthecorrespondingcontrolissuestotheactuator.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路，它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程，在外部环境下的相关参数的改变，将其信息传给电子控制单元。电子控制单元通过检查信息，送出相应的指令到执行机构。6.Electroniccontrolunit,alsoknownasECU,isthecoreofmechatronicsystems,responsiblefortheexternalcommandsandthesignalsoutputbysensors.Itcentralizesstores,computesandanalyzestheinformation.Basedontheresultsofinformationprocessing,instructionareissuedaccordingtoacertainextentandpacetocontrolthedestinationfortheentiresystem.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）电子控制单元，也被称为控制单元（ECU）控制，是机电系统的核心，负责外部命令和传感器的信号输出。它集中、存储、计算并分析信息。基于信息处理的结果，按照一定的范围和步调发出命令来实现控制整个系统的目标。7.Itisputintoafairlystandardmachinetoolthathashadpositionsensingandmotorsonthecontrolknobsinstalled.Thisisbasicallyjustarobotmachinist.Youusearotatingcuttingtooltocutawayallthemetalthatisn’tyourcrank.3Dmetaletch-a-sketch,withthecomputerinterpolating,sothecirclescomeouttobeprettysmooth.(CNCMachining)（P9）将数控系统装入一个非常标准的机床，它在控制手柄上有位置感应和马达。这基本上是一个机械师。你能使用一个旋转切削刀具切掉不是你设计的所有金属。具有计算内插的三维金属蚀刻成型可以使得圆被加工得更光滑。8.They(CNCmachine)arecomplicatedmachines,fullofservomechanisms,andmeasuringtechnologythatcanmeasureto0.005mm(0.0001”)whilecoveredinoil.ACNCmachinehasaminimumof6motors(includingsometochangetools,andoneormoretopumpoilandcoolantvariousplaces).Thistranslatestorunningcoststhatmaybewellover$1/minute.(Thecomputerisnotasignificantpartofthecostanymore.)(CNCMachining)（P10）数控机床是复杂的机器，具有伺服机构和检测技术，它能在覆盖油膜状态下检测到0.005mm。数控机床至少有6个马达（包括一些用来换刀具，一个或多个用来泵油和冷却液的各地方）。这些化成运行成本可能大大超过1美元/分钟。（电脑不再是成本的一个重要部分.）9.Systemsthatcanassessifthecarisbehavingsafelycanbeusedtowarndriversthattheirbehaviorisunsafe.Inmoreextremecases,thesystemscouldoverridethedriverandcausethecartostoporslowdown.Whilethiswouldondoubtsavelives,itmayprovideaproblemforthemakersoffilmsthatincludecarchase---someoftheimpactmaybelostwhenweliveinawordwhereourcarssimplyrefusetodoanythingunsafe.10.AnotherfeatureoftheworkofDr.LjuboVlacic’steamistohavethemachinescommunicatewitheachother.Sincemessagescangoatthespeedoflight,itispossiblefortheretobeanexchangeofinformationontheintentionsofseveralmachinesapproachinganintersection.Withthisknowledgeitshouldbepossibletoensurethattrafficflowsfarmoresmoothly.11.FactoryassemblylinemachineryisactivatedandmonitoredbyasinglePLC,whereinthepasthundredsoftimersandrelayswouldhavebeenrequiredtodothetask.Themachineorsystemuserrarely,ifever,interactsdirectlywiththePLCsprogram.WhenitisnecessarytoeithereditorcreatethePLCprogram,apersonalcomputerisusually(butnotalways)connectedtoit.(WhatisaPLC?)用一个PLC就能操纵和监控工厂的装配线机械，过去完成同样的工作需要成千的定时器和继电器。机器或系统用户很少，如果有的话，直接与PLC的程序交互。当有必要编辑或创建PLC程序时仅需将个人计算机连到PLC上。12.Theprocessesofsequencingcontrolandinterlocklogicneededforautomobilemanufacturingwasatimeconsumingandarduoustask,whichrequiredmanualupdatingofrelays,timersanddedicatedclosed-lo