跨文化交际

2011级刘小三、眭姗姗IdentitydevelopmentIdentitydevelopmentissues•Peoplecanidentifywithamultitudeofgroups:gender,age,religion,nationality,andsoon.•Identitiesdevelopoveraperiodoftimeandalwaysthroughinteractionwithothers.•Howanindividual’sidentitydevelopsdependspartlyontherelativepositionorlocationoftheidentitywithinthesocietalhierarchy.•Someidentitieshaveahigherpositiononthesocialhierarchy.•Eg.aheterosexualidentityhasamoreprivilegedpositionthanahomosexualidentity.•Todistinguishbetweenthevariouspositions,majorityidentitiesreferstothemoreprivilegedidentities;minorityidentitiesreferstothelessprivilegedidentitiesMinorityIdentityDevelopmentIngeneral,minorityidentitiesdevelopearlierthanmajorityidentities.Eg.Straightpeopleoftendonotthinkabouttheirsexualorientationidentity,whilegaypeopleareoftenacutelyawareoftheirsexualorientationbeingdifferentfromthemajority.Stagesofminorityidentitydevelopment•Stage1---unexaminedidentityLackofexplorationofidentity.Tworeasons:1)Individualsmaylackinterestintheidentityissue;2)Minoritygroupmembersmayinitiallyacceptthevaluesandattitudesofthemajorityculture,expressingpositiveattitudestowardthedominantgroupandnegativeviewsoftheirowngroup.•Stage2---conformitytheinternalizationofthevaluesandnormsofthedominantgroupandastrongdesiretoassimilateintothedominateculture.Individualsmayhavenegative,self-deprecatingattitudestowardboththemselvesandtheirgroup.Eg.OneyoungJewishwomansaid:“ItriedveryhardinhighschooltonotletanyoneknowIwasJewish.”Stage3---resistanceandseparatism•Aperiodofdissonance,oragrowingawarenessthatnotalldominantgroupvaluesarebeneficialtominoritiesEg.Internationalstudentssometimesdeveloptheirnationalidentityasaminorityidentitywhentheystudyoverseas.(P179)Stage4---integration•Individualshaveastrongsenseoftheirowngroupidentity(baseongender,race,ethnicity,sexualorientation,andsoon)andanappreciationofotherculturalgroups.•Individualswithaconfidentandsecureidentitycharacterizedbyadesiretoeliminateallformsofinjustice,andnotmerelyoppressionaimedattheirowngroup.•Eg.P181MajorityIdentityDevelopment•RitaHardimanpresentsamodelformajorityidentity.•Sheintendedthemodeltorepresenthowwhitepeopledevelopasenseofhealthyracialidentity;•itcanalsobehelpfulindescribinghowothermajorityidentitiesdevelop---straightsexualorientation,Christianreligiousidentity,malegenderidentityandsoon.Stage1---unexaminedidentity•Individualsmaybeawareofsomephysicalandculturaldifferences,buttheydonotfeartheothersorthinkmuchabouttheirownidentity.•Thereisnounderstandingofthesocialmeaningandvalueofgender,sexualorientation,religion,andsoon.Stage2---Acceptance•Representtheinternalization,consciousorunconscious,ofaracist(orotherwisebiased)ideology.•Thisinvolvepassiveandactiveacceptance.•Inthepassiveacceptancestage,individualshavenoconsciousidentificationwithbeingwhite,straight,male,etc.•Theymayviewminoritygroupsasbeingundulysensitiveandassumethatiftheminoritymembersreallywantedtochangetheirlotinlifetheycould.•Eg.Beingmaleinthisstagemayinvolvetheseassumptions:a,Menandwomenmaybedifferent,buttheyarebasicallyequal.b,Ifwomenreallywanttomakeitprofessionally,theycanworkashardasmenworkandtheywillsucceed.•Individualsinthepassiveacceptancestageusuallytakeoneoftwopositionswithrespecttointeractionswithminorities:1)Theyavoidcontactsomewhatwithminoritygroupmembers,or2)Theyadoptapatronizingstancetowardthem.Bothpositionsarepossibleatthesametime.Eg.Thecommonpeopleandthebeggar.•Intheactiveacceptancestageareconsciousoftheirprivilegedpositionandmayexpresstheirfeelingsofsuperioritycollectively(eg.Joinmale-onlyclubs)•Somepeoplenevermovebeyondthisphase---whetheritischaracterizedbypassiveoractiveoractiveacceptance.Andiftheydo,it’susuallyaresultofanumberofcumulativeevents.•Eg.P183Stage3---resistance•Itrepresentsamajorparadigmshift.•Itinvolvesamovefromblamingminoritymembersfortheirconditiontonamingandblamingtheirowndominantgroupasasourceofproblems.•Passiveresistance----withlittlebehavioralchange;•Activeresistance---tryingtoreduce,eliminate,orchallengetheinstitutionalhierarchiesthatoppress.•Thisstageischaracterizedbyembarrassmentaboutone’sownprivilegedposition,guilt,shame,andaneedtodistancesoneselffromthedominantgroup.Stage4---redefinition•Peoplebegintorefocusorredirecttheirenergytowardredefiningtheiridentityinawaythatrecognizetheirprivilegeandworkstoeliminateoppressionandinequities.•Theyrealizethattheydon’thavetoacceptuncriticallythedefinitionsofbeingwhite,straight,malethatsocietyhasinstilledinthem.•Eg.Individualsinthisstagemightsay:“IamproudtobewhoIam,butIdon’tthinkthatmeansIhavetoputdownothers.Stage5---Integration•Individualsareabletointernalizetheirincreasedconsciousnessanintegratetheirmajorityidentityintoallotherfacetsoftheiridentity.•Theynotonlyrecognizetheiridentityaswhitebutalsoappreciateothergroups.Thinkabout•Asayellowman,whichstagedoyouthinkyouarein?•Asaunderpost-graduatestudent,whichstagedoyoumaystayin?