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TechniquesThatMightSmileuponMonaLisa——ByEliabethOlsonContentsCulturalBackground1StructuralAnalysis3ReadingComprehension4Vocabulary216thcenturypaintingbyLeonardoDaVinciofawomanwithamysterioussmile.ItiskeptintheLouvreinParis,andisoneofthefamouspaintingsintheworld.列奥纳多·达·芬奇（1452-1519）MonaLisa1503-1506年77×53厘米现藏巴黎卢浮宫LeonardodaVincibeganpaintingtheMonaLisa,oneofthemostfamouspaintingsofalltime,in1503.ThewomanwhocanbeseenintheMonaLisaissaidtobeMadonnaLisadelGiocondo.ShewasthewifeofanItalianbusinessmanwhoaskeddaVincitopaintaportraitofher.AfterdaVincifinishedthepaintingin1506hewasinvitedbytheFrenchKing,FrancoisⅠ,tovisitFrance,andhetookthepaintingwithhim.TodaytheMonaLisaiskeptintheLouvre,anartmuseuminParis,anditisseenbyaboutsixmillionvisitorsayear.In1911,itwasstolenbyaworkerattheLouvre,VincenzoPeruggia,whotookitoutofthemuseumbyhidingitunderhiscoat.TwoyearslaterpolicefoundthepaintingunderPeruggia’sbedafterhetriedtosellit.MonaLisa'sSmile在不同角度不同光线下欣赏这幅画，人们都会得到不同的感受。那微笑时而温文尔雅，时而安详严肃，时而略带哀伤，时而又有几分讽嘲与揶揄，神秘莫测的微笑显露出人物神秘莫测的心灵活动。几百年来，“微笑”的新解层出不穷。诸如微笑不露皓齿是因原型虽典雅美丽却口齿不齐；原型因爱女夭折，忧郁寡欢，难掩凄楚之态；更有甚者，把蒙娜丽莎从贵妇宝座上推落下来，把原型贬为妓女，故而微笑中带着讥嘲和揶揄。美国马里兰州的约瑟夫·鲍考夫斯基博士认为：“蒙娜丽莎压根就没笑。法国里昂的脑外科专家让·雅克·孔代特博士认为蒙娜丽莎刚得过一场中风，请看，她半个脸的肌肉是松弛的，脸歪着所以才显得微笑。英国医生肯尼思·基友博士相信蒙娜丽莎怀孕了。他的根据是：她的脸上流露出满意的表情，皮肤鲜嫩，双手交叉着放在腹部。用x光照射，发现蒙娜丽莎嘴部涂画40层颜料，每一层都很薄。证实并不是用笔所画，而是作者把颜料涂在手上继而画在上面。而每一层颜料都要几个月才能风干，推算大约10年才画好蒙娜丽莎的微笑。MonaLisa'sEyes意大利国家文化遗产理事会主席西尔瓦诺·温切蒂借助显微镜观察油画中蒙娜丽莎的眼睛，发现微小字符。英国《卫报》12日援引温切蒂的话报道：“肉眼看不出来。她绿褐色的右眼球上画有黑色的LV字样，很明显这是莱奥纳多·达·芬奇的姓名首字母。”温切蒂说，左眼球上的字符尚未辨明。“很难清楚分辨……但看起来是字母CE，也可能是B或者S。”达芬奇热衷于用符号和密码来传递信息。除眼睛外，画作其他位置也藏有字符。温切蒂说：“在背景中桥拱上可以看到数字72，也可能是字母L和数字2。”达·芬奇不仅是文艺复兴时期意大利杰出画家，还在科学和哲学领域表现出过人能力。他热衷于用符号和密码来传递信息。温切蒂认为，达·芬奇把字符藏在眼中是因为“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，是一种交流途径。MonaLisa'sHandtheLouvreTheLouvreMuseumorsimplytheLouvre–isoneoftheworld'slargestmuseumsandahistoricmonument.AcentrallandmarkofParis,itislocatedonthenorthshoreofSeineRiver.Itwasfoundedin1204andafterover800yearsdevelopmenttotoday’sscale.Ithasmorethan400,000objectsofcollection.Theoldestcollectionis9,000yearsold.GlassPyramidTheLouvrePyramidismadebylargeglassesandmetal,anditissurroundedbythreesmalleronesinthecourtyardoftheLouvreMuseum.Ithas673piecesofglassintotal.Thelargepyramidservesasthemainentrancetothemuseum.ItsdesignerisIeohMingPei（贝聿铭）,heisaChineseAmerican.Thepyramidwasconstructedin1984andcompletedin1989.ThreegreatesttreasuresMonaLisaVenusdeMiloWingedVictoryofSamothraceThePreservationofOilPaintings（1）避免阳光直晒。（2）避免放在潮湿阴冷的角落里。（3）避免作品挤压、叠放。可做架子将作品存于架子上。（4）作品悬挂要牢稳。顶端稍前倾，这样既能获得良好的观赏效果，又能使画背后空气流通。（5）在运输过程中，画面前后都应设有保护层，以免因顶撞损伤画面。（6）给作品上光，保护色层油膜不受空气中有害气体的伤害。及时清洗发黄的光油。（7）防尘埃、防蝇虫叮蛀。（8）需要从内框上拆下的作品，必须彻底干燥。卷起时画面向外，轴心要大些，不能卷得太紧，似卷轴式中国画那样保存最佳。FramePanelbuckling(弯曲);flaking（剥落）;warp（变形）;crack（裂缝）;canvasVocabularycanvaswoodenframepaintpanelpoplarcottonwoodgessohideglueWords（noun）relatedwithpainting画布木框颜料画板白杨木棉白杨石膏皮胶Vocabularycalciumcarbonatebariumsulfateprimerbattenmahogany[məˈhɒgəni]infraredphotographyemissiographyoilcolorsWords（noun）relatedwithpainting碳酸钙硫酸钡底漆压条加固桃花心木红外线摄影放射学油彩VocabularypaintlayerglassenclosurebulletproofboxconservatorcuratorinternWords（noun）relatedwithpainting颜料层玻璃罩防弹箱管理员管理员实习生Vocabularybuckleflake(off)warpcrackexpandcontractswellsplitseasonfluctuateWords（verb）relatedwithpreservation翘曲，弯曲剥落变形开裂膨胀缩小膨胀开裂风干浮动VocabularyresilientelasticundeterredvulnerableintriguedWords（adjective）有弹性的有弹性的未受阻力的，没有退缩的易受伤害的着迷的Vocabularyapartfromadhereto(P3)bebracedwith(P10)beattachedto(P10)subjectsth./sb.to(P11)beexposedto(P17)adjustto(P21)reactto(P24)Phrases撇开…来说（表示除…以外尚有）遵循，依附，坚持；附着支撑v.附属于，喜爱；爱慕使服从，使遭受；容易遭受，受…管制遭受，暴露于…；调整，调节对…作出反应[评价，应答]ReadingComprehensionI.Readtheintroductionpartandcatchthekeyinformation.ReadingComprehensionII.Reading&ThinkingReadthroughthepassagein20minutesandfinishexercisesA&Bonpage143-145StructuralAnalysisPartI(P1-P2)NewfindingsbyMr.MecklenburgPartII(P3-P19)ExperimentsandstudiesmadebyMr.MecklenburgPartIII(P20-P27)SomeresponsesfromthepublictothenewfindingsWhoarethosepeople?MarionMecklenburg马里昂·梅克伦堡EvanQuasneyMs.LerolleMr.FrankCristinaAcidiniJamesBeckDianneDwyerModestiniMicheleMarincolaWhoarethosepeople?MarionMecklenburg’snewfindings:Somepreservationpracticesinpastcenturies—eventhelastcentury—harmed,ratherthanhelped,greatworksofart.Woodpanelpaintingsaremoreresilientthanexpertsinrecentdecadeshavebelieved.MarionMecklenburg’snewfindings:Atwo-foot-widewoodpanel,forexample,couldbendasmuchasoneandahalfincheswithoutbreaking,crackingandwarping.MarionMecklenburg’snewfindings:Apaintingiselastic,likearubberband,anditcanwithstandarangeofchangesinhumidityandtemperature—thensnapbackwithoutcrackingandbending.MarionMecklenburg’snewfindings:Therecentdamagetothe“MonaLisa”beganwhenthepaintinghungonwhathadbeenpartoftheLouvre’soutsidewallstructure.MarionMecklenburg’snewfindings:JamesBeckDianneDwyerModestiniMicheleMarincolaWhatarepeople’sreactionstoMecklenburg’snewfindings?Languagepoints1.artandsciencedon’toftenintersect,butMarionMecklenburg,aSmithsonianInstitutionengineerwhoisalsoapaintingconservator,istryingtomergethem.Intersect:tomeetatacertainpointThetwo