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1THEPRINCIPLESOFEUROPEANCONTRACTLAWcompletedandrevisedversion1998EuropeanUnionCommissiononContractLaw欧洲合同法原则2CHAPTER1-GENERALPROVISIONS第一章一般规定Section1-ScopeofthePrinciples第一节本原则的适用范围Article1.101-ApplicationofthePrinciples第1:101条：本原则的适用(1)ThesePrinciplesareintendedtobeappliedasgeneralrulesofcontractlawintheEuropeanCommunities.（一）本原则拟作为合同法的一般规则在欧洲共同体适用。(2)ThesePrincipleswillapplywhenthepartieshaveagreedtoincorporatethemintotheircontractorthattheircontractistobegovernedbythem.（二）如果当事人已约定将本原则订入其合同或者其合同受本原则的规制，本原则即予适用。(3)ThesePrinciplesmaybeappliedwhentheparties:(a)haveagreedthattheircontractistobegovernedby‘generalprinciplesoflaw’,the‘lexmercatoria’orthelike;or(b)havenotchosenanysystemorrulesoflawtogoverntheircontract.（三）当事人于符合下列条件时，可适用本原则：1.约定其合同受“法的一般原则”、“商人法”或类似者之规制时；或者2.没有选择任何法律制度或者法律规则规制其合同。(4)ThesePrinciplesmayprovideasolutiontotheissueraisedwherethesystemorrulesoflawapplicabledonotdoso.（四）当可得适用的法律制度或法律规则对所产生的问题未提供解决方案时，本原则得作为一种解决方案。Article1.102-Freedomofcontract第1:102条：合同自由(1)Partiesarefreetoenterintoacontractandtodetermineitscontents,subjecttotherequirementsofgoodfaithandfairdealing,andthemandatoryrulesestablishedbythesePrinciples.（一）当事人可以自由缔结合同并决定其内容，但要符合诚实信用和公平交易，以及由本原则确立的强制性规则。(2)ThepartiesmayexcludetheapplicationofanyofthePrinciplesorderogatefromorvarytheireffects,exceptasotherwiseprovidedbythesePrinciples.（二）当事人可以排除本原则的适用或者背离或变更其效力，除非本原则另有规定。Article1.103-MandatoryLaw第1:103条：强行法3(1)Wheretheotherwiseapplicablelawsoallows,thepartiesmaychoosetohavetheircontractgovernedbythePrinciples,withtheeffectthatnationalmandatoryrulesarenotapplicable.（一）在其他可得适用的法律亦允许之场合，当事人可以选择使其合同受本原则的规制，以使国内的强制性规则不能适用。(2)Effectshouldneverthelessbegiventothosemandatoryrulesofnational,supranationalandinternationallawwhich,accordingtotherelevantrulesofprivateinternationallaw,areapplicableirrespectiveofthelawgoverningthecontract.（二）依据有关国际私法规则，如国内的、超国家的以及国际的强制性规则能够适用时，则应赋予这些强制性规则以效力，而不管规制该合同的法律。Article1.104-Applicationtoquestionsofconsent第1:104条：对同意之问题的适用(1)TheexistenceandvalidityoftheagreementofthepartiestoadoptorincorporatethesePrinciplesshallbedeterminedbythesePrinciples.（一）当事人对适用本原则的合意，其存在及生效应依本原则加以确定。(2)Nevertheless,apartymayrelyuponthelawofthecountryinwhichithasitshabitualresidencetoestablishthatitdidnotconsentifitappearsfromthecircumstancesthatitwouldnotbereasonabletodeterminetheeffectofitsconductinaccordancewiththesePrinciples.（二）然一方当事人可以依据它的惯常居所所在国的法律来证明它不同意，只要情况表明依据本原则确定它的行为的效力将是不合理的。Article1.105-UsagesandPractices第1:105条：惯例与习惯做法(1)Thepartiesareboundbyanyusagetowhichtheyhaveagreedandbyanypracticetheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.（一）当事人受它们同意的惯例以及它们之间确立的习惯做法的拘束。(2)Thepartiesareboundbyausagewhichwouldbeconsideredgenerallyapplicablebypersonsinthesamesituationastheparties,exceptwheretheapplicationofsuchusagewouldbeunreasonable.（二）与当事人处于同样情形下的其他人通常会认为可得适用的惯例，当事人受其拘束，除非适用该惯例是不合理的。Article1.106-InterpretationandSupplementation第1:106条：解释与补充(1)ThesePrinciplesshouldbeinterpretedanddevelopedinaccordancewiththeirpurposes.Inparticular,regardshouldbehadtotheneedtopromotegoodfaithandfairdealing,certaintyincontractualrelationshipsanduniformityofapplication.（一）本原则应本其目的予以解释和发展，特别是，应注意有必要促进诚实信用和公平交易、合同关系的确定性和适用的统一性。4(2)IssueswithinthescopeofthesePrinciplesbutnotexpresslysettledbythemaresofaraspossibletobesettledinaccordancewiththeideasunderlyingthePrinciples.Failingthis,thelegalsystemapplicablebyvirtueoftherulesofprivateinternationallawistobeapplied.（二）对属于本原则范围之内但又未为本原则明确解决的问题，应尽可能地依照本原则所隐含的精神予以解决。如仍不能解决，则应适用依国际私法规则可以适用的法律制度。Article1.107-ApplicationofthePrinciplesbyWayofAnalogy第1:107条：本原则的类推适用ThesePrinciplesapplywithappropriatemodificationstoagreementstomodifyorendacontract,tounilateralpromisesandotherstatementsandconductindicatingintention.本原则经适当修正适用于变更或解除合同的协议、单方允诺和其他的表意陈述和行为。Section2-GeneralObligations第二节一般义务Article1.201-GoodFaithandFairDealing第1:201条：诚实信用和公平交易(1)Eachpartymustactinaccordancewithgoodfaithandfairdealing.（一）各方当事人均须依诚实信用和公平交易而行为。(2)Thepartiesmaynotexcludeorlimitthisduty.（二）当事人不得排除或限制此项义务。Article1.202-DutytoCo-operate第1:202条：协助义务Eachpartyowestotheotheradutytoco-operateinordertogivefulleffecttothecontract.为了充分落实合同，各方当事人均向对方负有协助的义务。Section3-TerminologyandOtherProvisions第三节术语与其他规定Article1.301-MeaningofTerms第1:301条：用语的含义InthesePrinciples,exceptwherethecontextotherwiserequires:在本原则中，除非上下文要求具有其他的含义：(1)'act'includesomission;（一）“行为”包括不作为；(2)'court'includesarbitraltribunal;5（二）“法院”包括仲裁机构；(3)an'intentional'actincludesanactdonerecklessly;（三）“故意的”行为包括重大过失的行为；(4)'non-performance'denotesanyfailuretoperformanobligationunderthecontract,whetherornotexcused,andincludesdelayedperformance,defectiveperformanceandfailuretoco-operateinordertogivefulleffecttothecontract.（四）“不履行”意指任何没有履行合同债务的行为，无论是否被谅解，并可包括迟延履行、瑕疵履行和没有协助以使合同得到充分的落实。(5)Amatteris'material'ifitisonewhichareasonablepersoninthesamesituationasonepartyoughttohaveknownwouldinfluencetheotherpartyinitsdecisionwhethertocontractontheproposedtermsortocontractatall.（五）一件事情，如果是处在当事人位置的通情达理之人本应知道它将会影响对方当事人决定是否依被提议的条款缔约或者是否缔约的，则为“重大的”。(6)'Written'statementsincludecommunicationsmadebytelegram,telex,tel