英语五种基本句子结构-及相关练习

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1英语的基本句成分(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有()和();次要成分有()、()、()、()、()和()。(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述_____________,一般位于________。但在___________结构、__________(当主语不疑问词时)和_____________中,___________位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由_____________、_____________、__________________、_______________、______________、____________________和__________________等表示。例如:写出什么词当主语Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.()WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.()One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.()Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.()Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.()Therichshouldhelpthepoor.()WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.()Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage()(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的________________________________________。__________________________在句中作谓语,一般放在_____________________之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如_____________________,__________,_____________,等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:2OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.()Isityours?()Theweatherhasturnedcold.()Thespeechisexciting.()(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位______________和__________后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.()Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.()Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.()Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.()Hepretendednottoseeme.()Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.()Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.()宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity.()Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.()Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.()HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.()Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.()Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.()HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.()(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)Waitaminute.(名词)状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?()Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.()Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.()MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.()Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.()Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.()Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.()Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.()Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.()Iamtallerthanheis.()英语句子结构英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:1_________________在此句式中,V是___________动词(vi.)。例如:2.__________________在此句式中,V是____________(linkv.),常见有:look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fallill/asleep,stand/sitstill,become,turn等。3._________________________在此句式中,V是______________(vt.),因此有__________。4______________________在此句式中,V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give,ask,bring,offer,send,pay,lend,show,tell,buy,get;rob,warn等。例如:Give类:______________________________________________________________buy类:__________________________________________________________5.5.S十V十O十C句式在此句式中,V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多能带宾语补足语的动词一定是及物动词。有以下几类:1..含命名意义的动词,如:call,name,elect,make,think,appoint,choose,find,consider,keep,wish,feel+宾语+n这类结构和双宾语的结构有形似之处,要注意区别。如:Theyhavemademechairman.(宾补)3Theyhavemademeanicechair.(直接宾语)【注意】用作宾语补足语的名词表示独一无二的职位、头衔、称谓时,其前不能用冠词。常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有:2..接接形容词:+adjbelieve,think,get,keep,make,find,set,like,wish,see,consider,prove,have,leave,以及paint,drive,turn,cut等。Youshouldkeepyourroomcleanandtidy.3.、只能用现在分词doing作宾语补足语的动词有:catch,keep,mind,prevent,stop,smell,excuse等。例如:Shecaughthersonsmoking4.、只能用todo作宾语补足语的动词有:wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,trust,encourage,let,allow,permit,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,remind,ask,invite,beg,request,worry,advise,persuade,callon,tell,order,command,require,make,force,drive,forbid,warn,help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,waitfor//think,take,know,judge,consider,suppose,believe,allow,prove,declare等。5.、既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,listento,hear,feel,have,imagine,discover,like,want,understand,hate,get,set,leave等。6、在hear,listento,let,have,make,see,watch,notice,observe等动词后的不定式需省去to。Help可有可无to7、在复合宾语中,宾语通常为名词或代词,但有时也可以用不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或that从句来充当。这时,应使用先行it代替宾语,而将真正的宾语移到句子的后部,如:注意:在这种结构中,宾语补足语通常为名词或形容词;常用于这种结构的动词有:feel,find,think,make,take,judge,consider+adj/n+todo/从句、doing等。8介词短语,副词等也可作宾补9.过去分词用作宾补一、在表状态的动词keep,leave等的后面。eg:Theykeptthedoorlockedforalongtime.二.过分词用在get,have,make的后面。1.注意“have+宾语+过去分词”的两种情况:)表让某人做某事/让某事(被人)做eg:Ihavehadmybikerepaired.三、过去分词用在感观动词watch,notice,see,hear,listento,feel,find等后面。如Whenwegottoschool,wesawthedoorlocked.Wecanhearthewindowsbeatenbytheheavyraindrops四、过去分词用在want,wish,like,expect等表示“希望,愿望”这一类动词后面做宾补。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