集体主义与个人主义

ConvergingMeasurementofHorizontalandVerticalIndividualismandCollectivismGroupmembers:YangChangWangWenqiangPanZhaoyangWangJuanLiGuijieDiagramPurposeandTheoreticalConsiderationsStudy1Study3Study4DoyoustillremembertheHofstede’sCulturalDimensions?1powerdistance2uncertaintyavoidance3individualism-collectivism4masculinity-femininity5long-termorientationThen,thepaperwillexplainindividualism-collectivismindetail.purposeTheindividualismandcollectivismconstructshavebeendiscussedinmanycontextsinthesocialsciences.purposeAlthoughtheutilityoftheconstructsisindisputable,thereisstillthetendencytoconceiveofindividualismandcollectivisminpuredichotomies(二分)inalloftheaforementionedcontexts.Analternativeview,offeredbyTriandis(1995),isthatindividualismandcollectivismarepolythetic(多元的)constructs.Then,whatisthemeaningofpolythetic(多元的)?purposeIndividualismandcollectivismmaybedefinedbyfourattributesanddifferentspeciesoftheseconstructs(e.g.,KoreanandJapanese)collectivismcanbedefinedbyadditionalattributes.collectivismKoreanJapaneseotherattributesanddifferentspeciesofthesedifferencepurposeSpecifically,Triandis(1995)arguedthatthefourdefiningattributesofindividualismandcollectivismareathedefinitionoftheself,whichcanemphasizepersonalorcollectiveaspectsorcanbeindependentorinterdependent.bpersonalgoalsthatcanhavepriorityoverin-groupgoalsorviceversa.ctheimportanceofattitudesandnormsasdeterminantsofsocialbehavior.dtheemphasisonexchangeratherthancommunalrelationshipsortheemphasisonrationalityratherthanrelatedness.purposeThepurposeofthepaper：Inparticular,wearguethatbothindividualismandcollectivismmaybehorizontal(emphasizingequality)orvertical(emphasizinghierarchy)andthatthisisaviableandimportantdistinction.TheoreticalConsiderationsGenerallyspeaking,horizontalpatternsassumethatoneselfismoreorlesslikeeveryotherself.Bycontrast,verticalpatternsconsistofhierarchies,andoneselfisdifferentfromotherselves.Inthisway,itleadtofourdifferentpatterns:HI,VI,HC,VC.individualismverticalhorizontalcollectivismVCHIHCVITheoreticalConsiderationsInHIBeuniqueanddistinctfromgroupsIwanttodomyownthingbuttheyarenotespeciallyinterestedinbecomingdistinguishedorinhavinghighstatus.InVIbecomedistinguishedandacquirestatusIwanttobethebest.InHCpeopleseethemselvesasbeingsimilartoothersemphasizecommongoalswithothers,interdependence,andsociability,buttheydonotsubmiteasilytoauthorityInVCpeopleemphasizetheintegrityofthein-group,arewillingtosacrificetheirpersonalgoalsforthesakeofin-groupgoals,andsupportcompetitionsoftheirin-groupswithout-groupsTheoreticalConsiderations——Table1DimensionCollectivismIndividualismVerticalselfFiske(1992)Rokeach(1973SelfdifferentfromothersCommunalsharingAuthorityrankingLowfreedomLowequalityCommunalism(e.g.,China)SelfdifferentfromothersMarketpricingAuthorityrankingHighfreedomLowequalityMarketdemocracy(e.g.,France)HorizontalselfFiske(1992)Rokeach(1973)SelfsameasothersCommunalsharingEqualitymatchingLowfreedomHighequalityCommunalliving(e.g.,kibbutz)SelfsameasothersMarketpricingEqualitymatchingHighfreedomHighequalityDemocraticsocialism(e.g.,Norway)TheoreticalConsiderations.Table1,adaptedfromTriandis(1996),depictstherelationshipbetweentheproposeddimensionsofHIandVIandbetweenVIandVCandthesetypologies.Inaattempttodemonstratetheviabilityoftheseconstructs,Singelisetal.(1995)provided32items,8foreachofHI(a=.67),VI(a=.74),HC(a=.74),andVC(a=.68).Usingfactoranalysis,Singelisetal.demonstratedthatthestructureisfoundintheUnitedStates.Instudy1,wesoughttoprovidefurtherevidenceoftheviabilityoftheconstructsinanon-Westernculture,KoreaStudy1methodParticipants.326studentswhoattendedChung-AngUniversityinSouthKoreaparticipatedinthisstudy.Instrument.OnthebasisofapilotstudyconductedintheUnitedStates,weusedamodifiedversionoftheoriginalSingelisetal.(1995)itemsinthisstudy.Thisincluded27itemsthathadhighfactorloadingsontheconstructs.HIwasbasedon5items;VIwasbasedon8items;HCwasbasedon8items;VCwasbasedon6items.Study1Analysis.The27X27matrixofcorrelationsamongtheitemswassubjectedtoanexploratoryfactoranalysis.BentlerandWu's(1995)equalpriorinstantcommunalitiesmethodwasused.Bothanorthosimsolution,whichprovidesorthogonalfactorssimilartovarimax,andanobliminsolutionwereobtained,andweexaminedthefirstfourfactorsgiventhisexpectation.Study1ItemFactorloadingHorizontalindividualism1.I'dratherdependonmyselfthanothers.2.Irelyonmyselfmostofthetime;Irarelyrelyonothers.3.Ioftendomyownthing.4.Mypersonalidentity,independentofothers,isveryimportanttome..68.66.55.40Verticalindividualism1.ItisimportantthatIdomyjobbetterthanothers.2.Winningiseverything.3.Competitionisthelawofnature.4.WhenanotherpersondoesbetterthanIdo,Igettenseandaroused...59.56.53.45Horizontalcollectivism1.Ifacoworkergetsaprize,Iwouldfeelproud.2.Thewell-beingofmycoworkersisimportanttome.3.Tome,pleasureisspendingtimewithothers.4.IfeelgoodwhenIcooperatewithothers.67.64.61.49Verticalcollectivism1.Parentsandchildrenmuststaytogetherasmuchaspossible.2.Itis