谈初中英语课堂语法教学•语法教学有时是伴随其他学习活动而产生的。•有时依照所使用的课本辅助教授语法。•有时教材告诉我们学生在规定时间内学习哪些语法点。什么是语法教学?•语法教学应该兼顾语言的形式及其意义和功能。换言之,语言学习的内容既要包括语言的形式,也要包括语言的意义,以及不同语法形式的使用。通过学习语法,学生不仅要了解如何通过语法形式完成特定的言语行为功能,如请求、建议等,还要学会语法形式(如时态、语态、情态等)如何形成语篇的连贯及其信息结构。语法教学包含什么?•1.呈现语法•2.发现语法•3.练习语法1.呈现语法•Example1:Thepostman•Language:presentsimple学生学习怎样用一般现在时的第三人称单数造句?SarahWhatdoesdo?ABCDEF•T:I’lltellyouwhatSarahdoeseveryday.Youlistencarefully,andtrytochoosetherightpictureaccordingtowhatIsay.•1.Shedoesn’tlikedogs.•2.Shegetsupearly.•3.Shedoesn’tdrivethecar.•4.Sheringsdoorbells.•5.Shedoesn’tearnalotofmoney.•6.Shewearsauniform.T:WhatdoesSarahdo,doyouknow?•Theteachershowthepicturesonebyone,andtheSssaythesentences.•Theteacherdemonstratehowtoread,andtheSsimitateingroupsandindividually.•Drilling:Stimulation——ResponseTchoosesonepicture,Sssaysomethingaboutit.•Meaningfuloutput:GetSstothinkaboutarealpersontheyknoworimagineoneandhisorherjobs,anddescribetheirdailyactivitieswiththreeaffirmativeandthreenegativesentences.•Pairworkorgroupwork:Ssreadtheirsentencesandgetotherstoguesswhatheorshedoes.•Example2:Girl’snightout•Language:pastirregularverbs学生需要学习的是在课文中出现的语言点。•首先教师问学生在他们的国家,女孩子们是否经常一同外出,如果是,她们经常去哪儿。学生可以先两人或多人一组讨论,再向全班报告。•然后让学生看两篇文章,让他们判断其中描写的夜生活是发生在里约热内卢、北京还是莫斯科。学生做完后,教师检查他们的答案。•文章《女孩子们的夜生活》选自NewEnglishFileElementary(牛津大学出版社出版)ThemagazineMarieClaireaskeditswomenjournalistsinRio,BeijingandMoscowtogooutforeveningandthenwriteareport.1.Iworeablacksweaterandtrousersandalotofmake-upgirlsherelikewearingsexyclothes!2.WewenttoPiramida.It’sabarandrestaurantthat’sopen24hoursaday,andit’sthe‘in’placeatthemoment.There’saDJandwesawalotofinterestingpeople.3.Wehadcoffeeandapplecakeandthenwine.4.WetalkedaboutLali’sproblemwithherboyfriend.Shewasabitsad.Thensomemenatthenexttablestartedtalkingtousandtheyboughtusadrink.Thisisaverymachocountryandmenalwayspayforwomen’sdrinks.5.Wegotataxi.Itcanbequitedangeroushereatnightandthemetroclosedatabout12:30.6.WeleftPiramidaatabout1:30,andIgothomeat2:00.7.Fantastic.10points.WehadagreattimeandLaliwashappyagain.Sarahlivesin____________.ShewentoutwithherfriendsLaliandAnnaonaFridaynight.Sharonlivesin______.ShewentoutwithherfriendsNicoleandHujiaonaSaturdaynight.1.Iworealongdress.Peoplearequitetraditionalherebutyoungpeoplewanttowearfashionsandhavenewhaircolor.2.FirstIdrovetoBarStreet,astreetwithabout50bars.WemetinthePinkLoft,aThairestaurant.Afterdinner,wewenttoateahousebecauseit’sagoodplacetotalk.3.WehadtypicalThaifood,likegreencurry.Thenwehadtea.Womenheredon’tdrinkalotofalcohol.4.Wetalkedaboutourlovelives,especiallyHujia’s.Shehasproblemwithherpartner.Wetalkedaboutmen,fashionandliterature.5.Wewenthomebycar.Ididn’tdrinkanyalcoholsoIcoulddrive.6.Weleftat12:00andIgothomeatabout12:30.7.Itwasaverygoodnight.8points.•然后学生将下列问题:•A.Didyouhaveagoodtime?•B.Howdidyougohome?•C.Whatdidyoudo?•D.Whatdidyouhavetoeatanddrink?•E.Whatdidyouwear?•与文章中标出1-7段的文字描述配对。•接下来学生根据Sarah与Sharon分别是否穿裙子、是否去酒吧、是否谈论男性、是否坐出租车回家等信息在一张表格中勾选。•之后用下面的练习把学生的注意力吸引到不规则动词之上,让他们找出某些动词的过去式。GRAMMARpastsimpleirregularverbsaLookatthereportsagainandfindthepasttenseoftheseirregularverbs.•wear________/wɔ:/•go________/went/•see________/sɔ:/•have________/hæd/•buy________/bɔ:t/•get________/gɒt/•leave________/left/•drive________/drəʊv/•meet________/met/•can________/kʊn/•学生找出这些动词过去式后,教师要让他们读出来,检查他们是否发音正确。接下来学生看一个语法表,然后做练习,用be,buy,go,wear,look,have,see等词的正确形式给一篇短文填空。Pastsimpleirregularverbs•Infinitivepast+past﹣•gowentdidn’tgo•havehaddidn’thave•getgotdidn’tget•buyboughtdidn’tbuy•leaveleftdidn’tleave•drivedrovedidn’tdrive•meetmetdidn’tmeet•dodiddidn’tdo•Usetheirregularpastfromonlyin﹢sentences.Isawafilmlastnight.•Usetheinfinitiveafterdid/didn’tDidyouseeafilmlastnight?•NOTDidyousaw…?•Rememberwordorder=ASI(auxiliary,subject,infinitive)orQUASI(questionword,auxiliary,subject,infinitive).•Didyougooutlastnight?•Wheredidyougo?!Pastofcan=could-=couldn’tNOTdidn’tcan﹖=Couldyou…?NOTDidyoucan…?2.发现语法•Example3:Comparativeadjectives•Language:wordformation;comparativeadj.学生需要自己发现语言形式是如何构建并使用的。•学生已经听了一段人们比较不同事物的对话。在让学生自己造句之前,教师想让他们注意形容词比较级的构成。教师本来可以直接给出语法规则,或者也许可以干脆忽略这一技术信息,让学生自己去“注意”形容词的不同形式。•看下列形容词的比较级•old→oldernew→newer•light→lighter•big→biggerthin→thinner•noisy→noisiersilly→sillier•expensive→moreexpensive•beautiful→morebeautiful•找出规律a.Howdowemakeone-syllableadjectivesintocomparativeadjectives?b.Whyarebigandthindifferent?c.Whathastochangewhenwemakewordslikenoisyandsillyintocomparativeadjectives?d.Whatisdifferentaboutexpensiveandbeautiful?Why?•学生完成后,教师检查答案,确认学生了解以一个元音和一个辅音结尾的单音节词变成比较级时要双写最后一个字母,以-y结尾的词要把-y变成-i,而较长的词前面要加more,但本身词形不变。•然后教师让学生做练习。把一组词写在黑板上,让一个学生在任意两个词中间画一个箭头,再让另一个学生造句,如:•Anelephantisbiggerthanaspider.•Acatisclevererthanadog.elephantdogcrocodileflyMousecatspider•潜在问题反思:•1.我们不可能总是能描述出完整的语法现象。例如,前面的练习就没有给出关于比较级形式的足够信息,没有包括不规则变化(如good-better),也没有举出一些既可以加-er构成比较级、也可以在前面加more构成的词(如clever在很多口语变体中就是如此)。•2.不一定所有的学生都喜欢这样的侦探式工作。•但最为一种鼓励学生思考语言规律的方法,这种练习用处极大,尤其在本例中学生正在探究语言规律时相当容易辨别。3.练习语法•Example4:WhereamI?•Language:presentcontinuous(pastsimple)学生能够使用现在进行时进行造句(也可以作为一般过去时的练习)。•先让学生想出一个他们非常想去的地方(如:海滩、KTV、运动场等),但不能告诉别人。接着让他们想