英语写作-如何写summary

SummaryWriting英语七班吕静DefinitionandfeaturesofasummaryUsesofsummarywritingProceduresofwritingasummaryWhatisSummary?Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.Itreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithasfewwordsaspossible.Whenonewritesasummary,oneshouldnotinterpretorcomment.Allonehastodoistogivethegistoftheauthor’sexactandessentialmeaning.缩写是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。FeaturesofSummaryBrevityObjectivityCompletenessUsesofsummarywritingSummarywritingisaverygoodexerciseforimprovingreadingcomprehension.Somestudentsreadcarelessly,andgainonlyavagueideaofwhattheyhaveread.Summarywritingcanforcethemtotrytounderstandwhattheyread,becausesummarizingrequiresonetoreadwiththemind,aswellaswiththeeye,onthepage.UsesofsummarywritingSummarywritingisalsohelpfultocompositionwriting.Whenwritingasummary,onehastoworkwithinstrictlimits.Onemustexpressacertainmeaninginafixednumberofwords.Soitisimportanttochoosewordscarefully,tomakesentenceswithaccuracyandbrevity,andtowritewithsummaryinlogicalorder.UsesofsummarywritingSummarywritinghaspracticaluses.Theabilitytograspquicklyandaccuratelywhatisread,orheard,andtoreproduceitinaclearandconcisewayisofgreatvaluetopeopleofmanyprofessions.Proceduresofwritingasummarya.Readingb.Writingc.RevisionReadingFirstreadthepassagethroughcarefullytogetthegistofit.ifreadingitonceisnotsufficienttogiveyouaclearunderstandingofit,readitoveragain.Themoreyoureadit,themorefamiliartoyouwillbeitssubject,andwhatissaidaboutthesubject.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。Giveatitletoyoursummary.Thinkofsomeword,phraseorshortsentencethatwillsumupbrieflythemainideaofthepassage.Sometimeswhatiscalledatopicsentencemaybeused.Thetopicsentencemaybefoundatthebeginningorattheendofthepassage.Tofindasuitabletitlewillhelpyoutodefinewhatexactlythesubject,ormaintheme,ofthepassageis.给缩写起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。ReadingYoushouldnowbeinapositiontodecidewhatpartsofthepassageareessentialandwhatpartsarecomparativelyunimportantandcanbeomittedwithoutmuchloss现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。ReadingJotdowninbriefnotesthemainpoints-thesubject,thetitle,andthedetailswhichyouconsideressentialorimportant.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西。ReadingWritingAsummaryshouldusuallybeaboutone-thirdtoone-fourthaslongastheoriginalpassage.Socountthenumberofwordsinthepassageanddivideitbythree.Youmayusefewerwordsthanthenumberprescribed,butinnocasemayyouexceedthelimit.缩写应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。缩写的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。WritingThesummaryshouldbeallinyourownwords.Itmustnotbeapatchworkmadeupofphrasesandsentencesquotedfromtheoriginalpassage.缩写应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。WritingYoushouldfollowthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage,ifpossible(anddesirable).Ideasandfactsneednotberearranged.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。WritingThesummaryshouldbeself-contained,thatis,itmustconveythemessageoftheoriginalfullyandclearly,sothatyourreaderneednoreferencetotheoriginaltounderstandwhatitsmainideasare.缩写必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。WritingSummarywritingisanexerciseincompression.Inwritingasummary,youmay:缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧：WritingskillOmitthedetails.Onlytheimportantpointsshouldbeincludedinthesummary;allthedetailsthatexplainthemainpointscanbeleftout.删除细节。只保留主要观点。WritingskillReducetheexamples.Outoffiveorsixexamplesgivenintheoriginalpassageoneortwomaybechosenforthesummary;therestaretobeomitted.选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。WritingskillSimplifythedescriptions.Ifinthepassagetherearetensentencesdescribingapersonoranobject,itwillbeenoughtokeeponeortwointhesummary.把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。WritingskillEliminateallrepetitions.Sometimesastatementisrepeatedforemphasis.Thisisnotnecessaryinasummary.Sometimesanideaisrepeatedindifferentwords.Suchaveiledrepetitionshouldalsobeavoided.避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在缩写中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。WritingskillCompresswordysentencesandchangephrasestowords.Hereareafewexamples:压缩长的句子。如下列两例：Writingskill“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括为：”Hewasverybraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括为：“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”WritingskillYoumayalsomakephrasesdotheworkofclausesorsentences.Hereisanexample:你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：Writingskill“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”可以概括为：”BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.”WritingskillUsegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords.Hereisanexample:使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：Writingskill“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括为：”Shebrought