12-Schools-of-Modern-Linguistics

Topic12SchoolsofModernLinguisticsWangLijuanLinguistics12.1Introduction•ModernlinguisticsbeganfromtheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913).•“fatherofmodernlinguistics”•thecreatorofthemoderntheoryof•structuralism•Saussure:lecturedongenerallinguistics•(索绪尔)1907-1911UniversityofGeneva•Afterhisdeath,twoofhisstudents,C.BallyandA.Sechehaye,collectedlecturenotesandputhisoriginalandinsightfulideastogethertoproducethegreatworkCourseinGeneralLinguistics,in1916.Saussure’slinguisticconcepts•SaussureanStructuralistlinguisticsseekstoidentifythestructuresthatshapealllanguages.•1Languageisasystemofsignsthatevolvesconstantly.Soundscountsaslanguageonlywhentheyservetoexpressorcommunicateideas.•signifiervs.signifiedSignSignifierSignifiedentitysoundimageSaussure’slinguisticconcepts•2Thenatureofthelinguisticsigns:•languevs.parole•syntagmaticvs.paradigmaticrelations•synchonicvs.diachroniclinguisticsLanguageLangueParoleactualspeechmadebyanindividualcollectiveabstractsystemsharedbyacommunityPanchronicSynchronicDiachronicstudyofasystemoveraspecificextentoftimestudyofasystemasitexistsatonemomentintimeSignrelationSyntagmatic(linear)ParadigmaticsubstitutionpositioningSaussure’sinfluence•1Heprovidedageneralorientation,asenseofthetaskoflinguisticswhichhadseldombeenquestioned.•2Heinfluencedmodernlinguisticsinthespecificconcepts.e.g.languevs.parole•Itissaussurethatpushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstageandalllinguisticsinthe20thcenturyareSaussureanlinguistics.12.2TheEuropeanFunctionalism/Structuralism欧洲功能主义语言学/结构主义语言学•12.2.1ThePragueSchool布拉格学派•ThePragueSchoolviewslanguageasacombinationofstructureandfunction.•Inthenarrowsense:thelinguistswhoattendthePragueLinguisticCircle(PLC)sincethelate1920s,andthosewhoarecloselyrelatedtothisCircleinideasandopinions.•Inthebroadsense:linguistsandscholarswhofollowthetraditionofthePragueSchool.•ThePLCwasinauguratedin1926.12.2.1.1Phonologicalcontribution•Trubetzkoy’sPhonologicalOpposition(音位对立)•(特鲁别茨考依)PrinciplesofPhonology(1939)•1Phonologybelongstolangue,phoneticsbelongstoparole.•2Hedevelopedtheconceptof“phoneme”,andconsideredphonemeasanabstractunitofsoundsystemdistinctfromtheactualsound.•3Heidentifiedninephonologicaloppositionsfollowingthecriteriaoftheirrelationtothewholecontrastivesystem;relationsbetweentheopposingelements;andtheirpowerofdiscrimination.•e.g.Proportionalopposition(均衡对立)•/p/isto/b/as/t/isto/d/•Jakobson’sDistinctiveFeatures•(雅各布逊：音位的区别性特征)Vocalic(元音性)Voiced(浊音性)Checked(急煞性)Consonantal(辅音性)Nasal(鼻音性)Grave(低沉性)Compact(聚集性)Continuant(延续性)Flat(抑扬性)Diffuse(分散性)Strident(刺耳性)Sharp(扬升性)Tense(紧张性)12.2.1.2Syntacticcontribution•Mathesius'ideaofthetheme-rhemeanalysisofthesentence(马泰修斯:主位－述位观点)•Asentencecontains•1apointofdeparture(theme)(主位),whichisequallypresenttothespeakerandthehear;itisthegroundonwhichtheymeet.•2agoalofdiscourse(rheme)(述位),whichistheveryinformationthatistobeimpartedtothehearer.12.2.1.2Syntacticcontribution•Firbas’FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)(费尔巴斯:功能句子观)•Itreferstoanalyzingutterancesfromafunctionalpointofviewintermsoftheinformationtheycontain.•theme:known/giveninformation(informationsharedbythespeakerandthehearer)•rheme:unknown/newinformation(whatistobetransmittedtothehearer)•Example:•Thebookisonthedesk.Onthedeskisthebook.•SubjectPredicatePredicateSubject•ThemeRhemeThemeRheme•KnownNewKnownNew12.2.2TheCopenhagenSchool哥本哈根学派•In1931,HjelmslevandotherlinguistsfoundedtheLinguisticCircleofCopenhagen.•Hjelmslev’sglossematics(耶姆斯列夫：语符学)•Ithasnoticedtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthinking.•Thisschoolintendstodevelopatheorywhichwouldbeapplicable,notjustforlanguage.•Language,inthisview,wasseenasonekindofsymbolicsystem,whosespecialfeatureswouldbeclarifiedonlywhenitwascomparedwithothernon-linguisticsymbolicsystems.12.3TheAmericanStructuralism美国结构主义语言学•ItisalsocalledAmericandescriptivelinguistics.•IthasoriginatedanddevelopedonthebasisoftheinvestigationandresearchintoAmericanIndianlanguagesbysomeAmericanlinguisticsatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.•AmericanIndianlanguages---theenormousrangeoflinguisticdiversity&theuniquestructures---methodsofanalysisappropriateforLatinandGreekarenotproper---descriptivistsdeviseanobjectiveapproachwhichcouldbeappliedtoanylanguage---descriptivelinguistics.12.3.1Earlyperiod•Boas&HandbookofAmericanIndianLanguage(1911)(博厄斯:《美洲印第安语言手册》)•Advantage:aself-taughtlinguist•---theframeworkofdescriptivelinguistics•Boasheld:•1Therewasnoidealtypeorformoflanguages;humanlanguageswerediverse.•2Thestructureandformofalanguagehasnothingtodowiththeevolutionofaraceandthedevelopmentofaculture.•Thereisnodifferencebetweenlanguagesintermsofbeingmoreorlessreasonableoradvanced.•Sapir&Language:AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech(1921)•(萨丕尔《语言论：言语研究导论》)•Hetooktheanthropologicalpointofviewtodescribethenatureandthedevelopmentoflanguage.•Hedefineslanguageas“apurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofasystemofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols”.•Therelationsbetweenlanguageandthought:Languageisthemeans,andthoughtistheendproduct;withoutlanguage,thoughtisimpossible.