托福阅读讲义2

托福阅读讲义20141托福阅读第二课4.reference指代题文章中指示词所指的对象，既可以是单独的名词，也可以是句子、文章等。难度不大，所以一不要丢分，二要节约时间基本题型构成：Thewordxxxinthepassagerefersto...Thephrasexxxinthepassagerefersto...CaseexampleReadthepassageandanswerthequestions.Photosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplantsandbacteriaproducethesustenancetheyneedinordertolive.Thiscomplexphenomenoninvolvestheconversionoflightenergyderivedfromthesunintochemicalenergy.Whenlightenergyactsonthecarbondioxideandwaterthatplantsdrawinfromtheatmosphereandsoil,itcausesareactionthatalterstheirchemicalcomposition.Oneproductofthisreactionisthecreationofcarbohydrates,includingglucoseandstarch.Anotheristhereleaseofoxygen.Animallifeontheplanetreliesonbothoftheseproductsforsurvival.Oxygenisessentialforanimalrespiration,whilethecarbohydratesstoredinplantsprovidethebasisofthefoodchainuponwhichallanimalorganismsdepend.ThewordtheirinthepassagereferstoA.plantsandbacteriaB.carbondioxideandwaterC.atmosphereandsoilD.glucoseandstarchThewordAnotherinthepassagereferstoA.conversionoflightenergyB.chemicalcompositionC.creationofcarbohydratesD.productofthisreactionCliffsarelarge,verticalrockfacescommonlyfoundinmountainranges,oncoastlinesandinrivervalleys.Manycliffsareformedeitherbytheimpactofwavesorflowingrivers,orthroughasuddenlandslidecausedbygeologicalactivity.However,glacialicehascreatedsomeofthelargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMountThoronBaffinIsland,whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.ThewordwhichinthepassagereferstoAEarthBglacialice托福阅读讲义20142CMountThorDBaffinIsland例题分析：1.指示代词：最常见的题型；所有的指示代词都会出现，特别是指代人的they,their,them等和指代物的it,its出现的次数比较多。2.不定代词：another/some/any/all/both3.关系代词：此类题型中，先行词就是指代对象，但在先行词和关系代词之间会插入一些词句，注意不要将二者弄混。However,glacialicehascreatedsomeofthelargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMountThoronBaffinIsland,whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.Smartsolution:阅读中理解指示词的意义是解决问题的关键仔细查看指示词所在的句子或者其前面的句子1.指代对象出现在指示词句子内部（概率很高）Whenlightenergyactsonthecarbondioxideandwaterthatplantsdrawinfromtheatmosphereandsoil,itcausesareactionthatalterstheirchemicalcomposition.However,glacialicehascreatedsomeofthelargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMountThoronBaffinIsland,whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.2.指代对象出现在前面文章中：（两个句子是并列关系）Oneproductofthisreactionisthecreationofcarbohydrates,includingglucoseandstarch.Anotheristhereleaseofoxygen.牢记多种指示词的用法一般来说，指示代词在指示词题型中经常出现，但是也有多种不定代词和指示形容词经常构成名词或者句子来使用。所以平时就要多熟记这些用法灵活的指示词。1.互为对立的不定代词/不定形容词Some/others;one/another;theformer/thelatter2.多样的不定代词All/some/neither/either/both/each3.指示形容词，定冠词定冠词the前面的内容一般都是已经提到过的，所以和名词一起构成指示词出现。This/thesee.g.thisinfluence,theseinfluencesThat/thosee.g.thatproblem,thoseproblemsSuch/thee.g.suchoptions,theconclusion熟记具有代表性的错误题型1.和指示词距离较远的选项一般很可能有错误2.把选项放入指示词的位置，这样可以降低错误概率（观察句子是否流畅）托福阅读讲义201435.simplification句子简化问题考察用更加简洁的表达方式来进行重述的能力每段短文一般有一个此类型题基本题型构成：Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.CaseexampleReadthepassageandanswerthequestions.Itiswidelyassumedthatatanylocation,thesunisatitshighestpointintheskyatnoon.Butstrictlyspeakingthisisincorrect,asthepractise“highestpoint”differsslightlyforeachspecificlongitude.Instead,theworldisdividedupinto24differentlongitudinaltimezones,wherethe“standardtime”ineachdiffersfromitsneighboursbyonehour.ThereasondailylifeoperatesaccordingtostandardtimezonesisthatitwouldbeincrediblycomplicatedandimpracticalforeveryplaceonEarthtokeepitsownspecifictime,andsolocalizedtimesareonlyusedbyscientistsforthepurposeofobservingparticularastronomicalphenomena.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Itisalotmorepracticalandstraightforwardtousestandardtimezonesfordailyliferatherthanspecificlocalizedtimes.B.Localizedtimesaregenerallyonlyemployedbyastronomers,whileeveryoneelseusesstandardtimezonestoavoidconfusionandcomplexity.C.Certainastronomicalphenomenonaredifficultforscientistsinslightlydifferentlocationstotrackunlesstheyuseparticularlocalizedtimes.D.Exceptinthefieldofastronomy,everybodyoperatesaccordingtostandardtimezonesratherthanusingparticulartimesforeachindividuallocation.例题分析：30-50→15对比：while考察目的：1.是否准确理解文章的意思（复杂的句型或复杂句）2.考查paraphrase的能力Smartsolution:句子简化题不只是选择和阴影文章内容一致的选项。由于错误答案也包含了一部分文章内容，所以一定要培养总结主要内容的能力，同时也要训练用简单的词句概括文章内容的能力。托福阅读讲义20144按顺序训练1.慢慢理解所给文章内容，找出核心信息（省略关系从句、同位语从句、举例等次要内容）2.利用排除法，找出最接近的信息3.如果出现迷惑选项，仔细判断包含了正确的核心信息的选项（看哪个更接近）利用句型结构训练各种句型之间的转换1.Theproblemisthat...Onepotentialproblemisthatemployersmayfeelthreatenedbytheintroductionofacomprehensiveperformanceevaluationsystem.→Bringinginanewperformancereviewsystemmightmakeworkersuncomfortable.2.whereasManyyoungerstudentsprefertoacquireknowledgethroughkinestheticlearning,meaningthattheyphysicallycarryoutactivities,whereasolderpeopleareoftenmoreaccustomedtoverballearning.→Theyounglearnthroughphysicalactivitiesbuttheoldgetknowledgethroughwords.3.reasoningthat....Manyscientistsinitiallybelieved