托福阅读讲义3

托福阅读讲义20141托福阅读第三课7.inference推论问题根据句子A推论出B的一个全新内容，句子A实际上只起一个媒介作用，只根据A的话是没办法选出答案的。基本题型构成：Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraphxaboutxxx?Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutxxx?CaseexampleReadthepassageandanswerthequestions.Theocean’sappearanceislargelydeterminedbythewaylightimpactsonwater.Whenwaterishitbylight,itabsorbsmostofthelightrays,andreflectssomeback.Becauseofwater’suniqueproperties,itisabletoabsorblongwavelengthlight,whichappearsblue.Therefore,sincewaterreflectsshortwavelengthlight,ittakesonapurebluecolor.Butinrealityinthevastoceans,thereflectedlightfromthewaterinteractswithotherreflectedsunlightfromsand,mud,andalgae,givingtheoceanitsdistinctivecolor.Whatcanbeinferedfromthepassageaboutthevastocean’scolor?A.itcontainspigmentsfromrightacrossthecolorspectrum.B.itisnotpureblueinitsappearance.C.itisunaffectedbychangesinsunlightintensity.D.itisadeephueduetoitshugevolume.Theperiodfrom1918to1929,betweentheendoftheGreatWarandthestartoftheGreatDepression,isoftenreferredtoinAmericanhistoryastheJazzAge.TheJazzAgeisso-callednotonlybecausethepopularmusicalgenreemergedduringthisperiod,butalsobecauseofwhattheparticularcharacteristicsofthismusicalstylerepresented.Aboveall,theJazzAgewascharacterizedbyincreasedsocialliberty.Inparticular,youngpeoplebegantochallengetraditionalsocialvalues,andtheconservativeconsensusoverissuessuchassexualityandindividualitynolongerheld.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutjazzmusic?A.itemergedoutofAmerica’sexperiencesintheGreatWar.B.itwasthemostpopularmusicalgenreoftheperiod.C.itbrokemanyoftheoldconventionsmusic.D.itencouragedmanypeopletocherishsocialrelationships.托福阅读讲义20142例题分析1.通过一个根据来进行推论：定位词vastocean’scolor（根据内容）Butinrealityinthevastoceans,thereflectedlightfromthewaterinteractswithotherreflectedsunlightfromsand,mud,andalgae,givingtheoceanitsdistinctivecolor.2.通过综合从句进行推论:信号词：Jazzmusic（根据内容1：）TheJazzAgeisso-callednotonlybecausethepopularmusicalgenreemergedduringthisperiod,butalsobecauseofwhattheparticularcharacteristicsofthismusicalstylerepresented.Aboveall,theJazzAgewascharacterizedby（根据内容2）increasedsocialliberty.Inparticular,youngpeople（根据内容3）begantochallengetraditionalsocialvalues,andtheconservativeconsensusoverissuessuchassexualityandindividualitynolongerheld.Smartsolution和事实题不同的是，本类题型要经过整体推论，解题方法比较困难，所以必须有较强的逻辑思考能力。推论问题不是根据一般的常识进行推论，而是根据所给内容进行一定范围内的猜想，所以需要快速找出根据内容，然后根据适当的思考得出结论。1.先看选项，然后阅读信息所在的全段内容。如果考试时间不够，或者对文章内容已经有了大体理解的话，就要首先读所给选项，然后大体上排除一些错误答案。代表性的错误答案的类型大体如下：过于笼统，可能是错误的选项比如：A.itemergedoutofAmerica’sexperiencesintheGreatWar.在文中找不出选项的根据B.itwasthemostpopularmusicalgenreoftheperiod.和原文内容相反的选项D.itencouragedmanypeopletocherishsocialrelationships.2.确定多样的推论类型推论并不是对文中内容复述或转述，而是根据这一点，对比较级、时间关系、或者数量等内容加以变化。推论根据的文章种类繁多，但是考试中经常出现的类型如下：综合具体例子推出结论Researchonhumanmemoryindicatesthatpeopleareabletorecallrecenteventsmoreeasilythanepisodesthatoccuredlongago...theycanalsorememberspecificdetailsmoreclearlyiftheeventsoccurinafamiliarsetting.推论可能事实humanmemoryisaffectedbytimeandenvironment.从具体的内容中推论出总结性的结论出现比较对象Mar’sterrainismoreruggedthanthatofEarth,characterizedasitisbydeepcraters,steepcliffs,andlargerockyoutcrops.托福阅读讲义20143推论可能事实thelandonEarthislesscraggythanthatonMars.UnliketheancientMayancivilization,theIncaEmpiredidnothaveanyformalwritingsystem,althoughthisdidnotpreventthedevelopmentofremarkablysophisticatedculturalandpoliticalspheres.推论可能事实theMayanshadaformalwritingsystem.出现时间关系的情况Itwasnotuntilthe11thcenturythattheChinesebeganusinggunpowderinwarfare,eventhoughthediscoveryofgunpowderhadbeenmadearoundtwocenturiesearlier.推论可能事实beforethe11thcentury,theChinesedidnotusegunpowderinweapons.8.rhetoricalpurpose修辞问题作者在写文章时，对每一个部分的构成和排列都带有一定的意图。如果说事实问题是针对文章内容，那么修辞学问题就是探知特定位置出现特定内容的原因，想要把握这个问题就需要跟随文章的整体脉络了解各部分内容与周围句子的关系。此类型题会出0-2个，情况不同，问题形式也有所变化。问题的对象主要是单词或句子，当单词或句子直接出现在文章时，就像词汇或相关问题一样，会做阴影处理，这样就很容易找到问题所在的地方。基本题型构成：Whydoestheauthormentionxxx?Howdoestheauthordiscussxxx?Caseexample例题1Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.Avant-gardefilmsoftenfeaturefragmentednarratives,amixtureofshotranges,andstylizeddeiting.Asthisindicatess,avant-gardefilm-makersaremainlypreoccupiedwithaestheticandartisticconcerns,muchlikemodernistsinotherartisticfields.However,avant-gardefilmsdifferfromotherformsmodernistartinthattheyareactuallydesignedforamassaudience.Modernistwriters,musiciansandpaintersgenerallydisdainpopularappeal,andtheirprimaryconcernisthattheirworkisappreciatedwithinelitecircles.Whydoestheauthormentionmodernistwriters,musiciansandpainters?AtodemonstateanimportantcommonalitybetweentwodifferentartformsBtoillustratetheoriginalinspirationforsometechniquesusedinfilm-makingCtocontrasttheirgoalswiththoseofmostavant-gardefilm-makersDtoexplainwhyavant-gardefilmsarenotconsideredhighartinelitecircles例题2ThepackratisasmallrodentfoundprimarilyinthesouthernUnitedStatesandinMexico.Itisnotedfor托福阅读讲义20144preferringbright,shinyobjectsandwill,forexample,leavebehindanutorpebbleitwascarryingifitcomesacrossametallicbutton.Itwillcollectsmallitemsitscavengesandbringthembacktoitshometo“decorate”orbuildupthewalls.Whenpackratssha