名词(Nouns)一般来说在高考,会考中名词主要考查:1.可数名词复数构成的规则及不规则变化。2.可数名词和不可数名词的判断与用法。3.名词的所有格。4.名词作定语和名词构成的习语及用法等。5.名词的词义辨析。Grammarrevision:专有名词(ProperNouns)指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)一、名词的数:名词有可数和不可数之分1.可数名词复数的规则变化(1)一般情况:词尾加-s(2)bus,box,watch,brush以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词:词尾加-es(3)baby,city,country以辅音字母+y结尾的名词:词尾变y为i,再加-es以元音字母+y结尾的名词:词尾直接加-sboy,monkey(buses,boxes,watches,brushes)(babies,cities,countries)(boys,monkeys)(4)以o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加s,但是下列名词要加es,它们是:黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿,即:negroes,heroes,potatoes,tomatoes。(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般直接加s,特殊词要把f或fe改为v加-es,它们是:(为了活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶躲在架子后)即:life-lives,thief-thieves,wife-wives,knife-knives,leaf-leaves,shelf-shelves2、可数名词复数的不规则变化2.可数名词复数的不规则变化:(1)单复数形式相同:asheep-twosheep,adeer-twodeer,fish,series(系列),means(方法),species(种类)(fish表示种类时可以加es)(2)口诀:男人女人a变e,鹅足牙oo变eeman-men,woman-women,goose-geese,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice(3)词尾加-ren/en变复数:child-childrenox-oxen公牛(4)形式为复数,但用作单数名词news,physics,politics(5)表示某国人:中日永不变:aChinese-twoChinese,aJapanese-threeJapanese英法同盟man改men:Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen其余都把s添:American-Americans,German-Germans(6)合成名词的复数形式:①.在主体名词后面加-spasserby——passersby过路人soninlaw——sonsinlaw女婿②.没有主体名词时,在最后一词词尾加-sgrown-up——grown-ups③.由man和woman构成的复合名词,把里面的名词全变为复数:womandoctor——womendoctors(7)只用复数形式的名词:trousers(裤子),glasses(眼镜),shoes,clothes,goods(货物,商品),Exercise:______aremadeof______.A.Aglass,aglassB.Glasses,glassC.Theglass,theglassD.Glasses,glasses2.不可数名词:不能和a,an连用高考常考的不可数名词主要有:advice建议,information信息,progress进步,weather天气,bread面包,fun乐趣,news消息,clothing衣服,knowledge知识,equipment设备furniture家具,baggage行李,luggage行李不可数名词表示“量“”时:e.g.apieceoffurniture一件家具apieceofinformation一则信息apieceofadvice一个建议………※抽象名词具体化:表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的抽象名词,是不可数名词;如果表示具体的人或事,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。difficulty困难;adifficulty一件难事experience经验;anexperience一次经历knowledge知识;agoodknowledge对…精通/熟知failure失败;afailure一个失败者,一件失败的事success成功;asuccess一位成功者,一件成功的事surprise惊奇;asurprise一件令人吃惊的事honour荣誉;anhonour一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事Exercise:1.Wehaveeveryreasontobelievethat_____2008BeijingOlympicGameswillbe________success.A./;aB.the;/C.the;aD.a;a二、名词所有格名词的所有格:表示所属关系,即表示某物是“谁的”。名词所有格常见的结构有两种:①’s所有格,多表示有生命的东西;②介词of+名词,多表示无生命的东西1、’s所有格单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加“’s”,以s结尾的复数名词在词尾只加“’”。如:Kate’scat凯特的猫,Children’sDay儿童节,thegirls’books女孩们的书比较:1.Theladyoverthereis______.A.JaneandMarymotherB.JaneandMary’smotherC.Jane’sandMary’smotherD.Jane’sandMarymother2._____desksareinthesameroom.A.Jone’sandSusan’sB.JoneandSusan’sC.Jone’sandSusanD.JoneandSusan注意⑴.如果一样东西为几个人所共有,则只在最后一个名词上加“’s”如:LucyandLily’sfatherisateacher.露茜和莉莉的爸爸是名教师。⑵.如果所指事物不是两人共有,而是各自所有,则应在每一个名词后加“’s”。如:Lucy’sandMary’smothersareteachers.露茜的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈都是医生。2.表示“某人家”,“店铺”等的所有格时,一般省略它所修饰的名词。Myuncle’s我叔叔家thedoctor’s诊所theSmith’s史密斯家三、名词作定语:某些名词作定语可以修饰后面的名词,表示地点,材料,功能,用途等。名词作定语通常用单数形式。e.g:citylife(城市生活),streetlights(街灯),bookstores(书店),coffeecups(咖啡杯)数词+名词作定语时的表达:athree-yearstudy/threeyears‘studyaseven-daytrip/sevendays’trip1.The______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon'tmissit.A.bicycle'sshopB.bicycleshopC.bicyclesshopD.bicycle'sshop2.Thelittlegirlaskedhermothertobuyheranicepairof______,sohermotherwenttosome______stores.A.shoes;shoesB.shoes;shoeC.shoe;shoesD.shoe;shoe3.Ittookusquietalongtimetogetthere.Itwas_______journey.A.three-hourB.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehours