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本字幕由YYeTs人人影视翻译制作更多教程字幕请登陆是否有可能Isthereapossibilitythat死后我依然存在或是我能幸免于死Imightstillexistorsurviveaftermydeath?乍看之下...实际上Nowatfirstglance...andinfact,只有深入考虑才能得出真相Ithink,atsecondglanceit'sgoingtoturnouttobetrue--在回答这个问题前youmightthinkthattheanswertothisquestion需要先弄清楚两点woulddependontwobasicissues.我能幸免于死吗DoIsurvivemydeath?我们能幸免于死吗Dowesurviveourdeaths?首先Youthink,thefirstthing我们要明白人究竟是什么wehavetogetclearoniswellwhatamI?人究竟是什么生物WhatkindofathingamI?总的来说Orgeneralizing,什么才能称作人whatkindofthingisaperson?我们是由什么组成的Whatarewemadeof?我们的组成部分是什么Whatareourparts?在回答我是否能够幸存Itseemsplausibletothink这个问题之前thatbeforewecouldanswerthequestion,我们需仔细思考DoIsurvive?我们得知道我是如何形成的weneedtoknowhowI'mbuilt.那么首先我们Andsothefirstthing需要花一点时间we'regoingtospendafairbitoftime搞清楚人是什么onistryingtogetclearonwhat'saperson?人的基本构造是什么Whatarethefundamentalbuildingblocksofaperson?人人影视活着的概念是什么What'stheidea,orwhat'stheconcept,ofsurviving?在探讨我是否能够幸存之前Beforeweask,DoIsurvive?我们要搞清楚我是什么weneedtogetclearonWhatamI?活着又是什么andWhatisittosurvive?未来的我又是什么样的呢Whatisitforsomethingthatexistsinthefuturetobeme?这个问题Nowthisquestioncanbe可以作为哲学问题来讨论discussedphilosophicallyinquitegeneralterms.同一性的持存本质是什么What'sthenatureofpersistenceofidentityovertime?由于我们对我们这种生物十分感兴趣Butsincewe'reespeciallyinterestedinbeingslikeus,也就是人类这个话题people,thistopic,属于同一性话题下的分支问题thissub-specializedversionofthequestionofidentity,通常会放在某话题的标题下讨论getsdiscussedundertherubricofthetopic,也就是个人同一性personalidentity.什么是个人同一性的关键本质或基础What'sthekeyorthenatureorthebasisofpersonalidentity?或者说Aswemightputit:现在的我Whatisitforsomebody和下周在这里的我又有什么不同who'sherenextweektobethesamepersonasme?什么是个人同一性What'sthenatureofpersonalidentity?正如我所说起初So,asIsay,atfirstglance你只是想弄清楚这个答案youmightthinktogetclearontheanswer,我究竟能否幸免一死DoIormightIorcouldIsurvivemydeath?我们要知道我是什么weneedtoknow,whatamI?人是什么What'saperson?一方面要搞清形而上学中What'sthemetaphysicalcompositionofpeople,人的构造是什么ontheonehand?同时还要弄清同一性及Andweneedtogetclearonthenatureofidentity持存的本质具体说来就是orpersistenceor,morespecifically,个人同一性personalidentity.如果想深入了解这个话题NowasIsay,Ibelievethatwhenpushcomestoshove,就必须弄清楚这两个问题wedoneedtogetclearaboutbothofthosequestions这就是头几周课的主要内容andsothat'sgoingtotakethefirstseveralweeksoftheclass.我们会花两周的时间讨论We'regoingtospendacoupleofweekstalkingabout,人是什么What'saperson?然后再用几周时间Andthenwe'regoingtospendseveralweeks,至少一周oratleastaweekorso,讨论个人同一性的问题talkingaboutthenatureofpersonalidentity.在我们开始之前Butbeforewecanevengetstarted,还有一个问题there'saquestion,这是所有问题的核心内容reallyanobjectiontothewholeenterprise.我们需要花很多时间Sowe'reabouttospendalotoftime去谈论这个哲学问题askingthephilosophicalquestion:死后能否继续活着Istherelifeafterdeath?死后是否还有活的可能性Couldtherebelifeafterdeath?我能幸免一死吗MightIsurvivemydeath?哲学上对此有反驳Butthere'saphilosophicalobjectiontotheentirequestion.反驳的观点相当简单Andtheobjectionisfairlysimple.它认为这个问题本身就是错误的Itsaysthewholequestionismisconceived.是在混淆概念一旦弄清了混淆的地方It'sbasedonaconfusion.Onceweseetheconfusion,这个问题就好回答了wecanseewhattheanswertoourquestionis.我能幸存于一死吗CouldIsurvivemydeath?答案肯定是Theanswerhasgottobe--反驳的人会说thisiswhattheobjectionsays--答案当然是不会theanswerhasgottobe,obviouslynot.这就是否定的说法Allright,sohere'stheobjection.我想说你们首先Ishouldmentionthattheveryfirstreading要阅读的是thatyou'regoingtobe杰·罗森伯格所写的文章doingisacoupleofpagesfromJayRosenberg,一个当代哲学家acontemporaryphilosopher.他给出了其反驳方的观点Hegivesusaversionofthisobjection.我和你们说说其中的一个观点SoI'llgiveyouoneversion.你们可以在书上看到第二种观点You'llhaveanotherversioninyourreadings.大致意思是Theobjectionbasicallysays:我们所说的人死了是什么意思Whatdoesitmeantosaythatsomebody'sdied?我们问的是死后能否继续活着We'reasking,Istherelifeafterdeath?怎么理解一个人已经死了Whatdoesitmeantosaythatsomebodyhasdied?正常的理解是死亡是Wellanaturaldefinitionofdeath生命的终结mightbesomethingliketheendoflife.那么如果这是对的那试问Sothen,ifthat'sright,thentoask,死后能否继续活着也就是在问Istherelifeafterdeath?Isjustasking,生命结束后是否还有生命Istherelifeaftertheendoflife?这样问题就显而易见了Theanswertothatoughttobeprettyobvious.很明显答案是否定的Well,obviously,theanswertothatisno.再换个问法如果生命已经消逝了Afterall,ifwe'resayingonceyou'verunoutoflife,是否还有生命呢isthereanymorelife?好的这就像是在问Well,duh!That'slikeasking,我把盘子里的东西吃光了whenI'veeatenupallthefoodonmyplate,盘子里是否还有东西isthereanyfoodleftonmyplate?或者电影剧终以后还会放什么Orwhathappensinthemovieafterthemovieends?这是些很愚蠢的问题Thesearestupidquestions,因为一旦你明白了他们的问题becauseonceyouunderstandwhatthey'reasking,答案就在其中一切简单明了theanswerisjustbuiltin.Itfollowstrivially.因此虽然这看起来Soalthoughithasseemed这是个老生常谈的问题topeopleovertheagesthatthequestion,但死后能否继续活着Istherelifeafterdeath?却是哲学里最神秘isoneofthegreatmysteries,最值得思考的问题oneofthegreatphilosophicalthingstoponder,反驳认为这只是种假想theobjectionsaysthat'sakindofillusion.事实上只要你想一想Infact,onceyouthinkaboutit,不用太久andnotallthatlong,你就会知道答案是否定的youcanseetheanswer'sgottobeno.死后不可能有轮回Therecouldn'tpossiblybelifeafterdeath.死后不可能再有新的生命诞生Therecouldn'tpossiblybelifeaftertheendoflife.或者再换一种稍微不同的方式问Orsupposeweaskthequestioninaslightlydifferentway.我能幸免一死吗MightIsurvivemydeath?幸免这个词要怎么理解WellwhatdoesthewordSurviveMean?很好幸免就是我们说的