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好的Allright.我们已经讨论了We'vebeentalkingaboutarguments那些让我们相信thatmightgiveusreasontobelieve灵魂存在的论证intheexistenceofanimmaterialsoul.目前为止我们讨论的这些论证Thekindsofargumentswehavebeenconsideringsofar都是在最佳解释推理allfallunderthegeneralrubricof这个一般准则下进行的的Inferencetothebestexplanation.我们或者灵魂论的拥护者们假设Weposit--orthefansofsoulsposit--灵魂是存在的theexistenceofsouls这就能解释一些我们自身不解的东西soastoexplainsomethingthatneedsexplainingaboutus.我已经讲过一系列这样的论证I'vegonethroughaseriesofsucharguments,上次课结束时我提到的一个论证认为andtheonethatweendedwithlasttimewasthesuggestionthat我们只有相信灵魂存在weneedtobelieveintheexistenceofasoul才能解释我们拥有自由意志这一事实inordertoexplainthefactthatwe'vegotfreewill.我们拥有自由意志这一事实Thefactthatwe'vegotfreewillissomething被大多数人认为理所应当thatmostofustakeforgrantedaboutourselves.但人们对此的诟病Butthecomplaintthen,或物理主义的反驳者认为ortheobjectiontothephysicalist,人不可能仅仅是一个物理实体takestheformthatwecouldn'tbeamerelyphysicalentity因为物理实体不可能有自由意志becausenomerelyphysicalentitycouldhavefreewill.而人有自由意志Butwe'vegotfreewill,所以在我们身上有着sothere'sgottobesomething超越物理实体的特质moretousthanjustbeingaphysicalobject.人人影视什么是自由意志它又是如何否定whatisitaboutfreewillthatrulesout人仅仅是物理实体这种可能性的thepossibilitythatwearemerelyphysicalobjects,我认为他们自然会这样Ithinkthenaturalsuggestiontospellouttheargument阐述这个论证goeslikethis,这是就我们在上节课结束时讲到的内容andthisiswherewewereattheendoflasttime.以上的观点是Thethoughtisthat,自由和被决定there'sakindofincompatibility这两者是不相容的withbeingfreeandbeingdetermined.我的意思是根据物理主义者的观点Imean,afterallfromthephysicalist'spointofview,人只是一种高级的机器人we'rejustakindofglorifiedrobot,能做到大多数科幻电影里abletodoallsortsofthingsthat大多数机器人所能做到的事mostrobotsinmostsciencefictionmoviescando.但是在某种意义上Butstill,inasense,人只是高级的物理实体we'rejustaglorifiedphysicalobject.人只是机器人We'rejustarobot.而且这一反驳指出机器人是被编程的{\c机器人必须遵照程序做事theynecessarilyfollowtheirprogram.我们甚至可以这样说Moregenerallyspeaking,wemightsay,它们受制于决定性的法则they'resubjecttodeterministiclaws...即作为物理实体that,asphysicalobjects,它们必须按照it'strueofthemthattheymustdo物理定律和自然法则的要求去做whatthelawsofphysicsandlawsofnaturerequirethattheydo.物理定律是以决定论式的形式给出的Andthelawsofphysicsare--takeadeterministicform,尽管决定论这个词有些术语化determinismbeingabitofphilosopher'sjargon如果我们以某种方式forwhenit'strueoftheselawsthat设定了一个物体或者一个系统oraphysical--orasystem--它们就会遵循决定论thatifyousetitupacertainway,产生这样那样的因果关系causeandeffectplaysoutsuchthat,给定了初始设置giventhatinitialsetup,就会有完全相同的结果theverysameeffectmustfollow.自然法则决定了It'sdeterminedbythelawsofnature这个结果必然跟随这个原因产生thattheeffectthatfollowswillfollowfromthatcause.所以如果你将一盘磁带Andso,ifyourewindthetape反反复复地播放andplayitagainoverandoverandoveragain,每次你播放的内容eachtimeyousetthingsuptheverysameway从头到尾的起承转合一定是theymustmoveortransformorchangeorendup绝对一致的intheverysamestate.这就是决定论的含义Well,that'swhatdeterminismisallabout.从直觉上讲Andintuitively,对于很多人来说itseemsplausibletomanypeople你不可能既有自由意志又服从于决定论thatyoucouldn'thavefreewillandbesubjecttodeterminism.因为自由意志的内涵就是Becausethenotionoffreewillwasthat即使我再次处在相同的地点evenifIwasintheverysamespotagain,相同的情况下theverysamesituationagain,我也可能做出不同的选择Icould'vechosendifferently.我并非注定要做那个选择的SoIwasn'tdeterminedorpredeterminedtomakethatchoice.因此我们要更完整地阐述这个论证的话Soifweweretospellouttheargumentsomewhatmorefully,它应该是人有自由意志itmightbe,Wehavefreewill,但人不能既有自由意志butyoucan'tbothhavefreewill又遵从决定论或服从确定性的定律andbesubjecttodeterminismorsubjecttodeterministiclaws.而每个物理实体或者说每个纯粹的物理实体Andeveryphysicalobject,oreverypurelyphysicalobject,都遵从着确定性的定律issubjecttodeterministiclaws因为物理定律是确定性的becausethelawsofphysicsaredeterministic.综上所述你就能得到这样的结论Youputthesethingstogetherandyougettheconclusionthatwe,由于我们有自由意志sincewe'vegotfreewill,所以不可能是纯粹的物理对象can'tbeapurelyphysicalobject.在我们身上一定存在着Theremustbesomething超越于物理实体的特质morethanthepurelyphysicaltous.这是上节课结束时That'stheargumentIputupontheboard我在黑板上所写的论证attheendoflastclass.现在我们从这里开始Andherewe'vegotitupherenow.一人有自由意志One,wehavefreewill.二所有服从决定论的东西都没有自由意志Two,nothingsubjecttodeterminismhasfreewill.三所有纯粹的物理系统都服从于决定论Three,allpurelyphysicalsystemsaresubjecttodeterminism.所以我们得到一个结论So--aconclusion--我们不是纯粹的物理系统Wearenotapurelyphysicalsystem.要解释我们有自由意志这一事实Toexplainthefactthatwe'vegotfreewill,反驳者会说sotheobjectiongoes,我们不得不诉诸或者假定灵魂存在wehavetoappealto--wehavetoposit--theexistenceofasoul,这里提到的灵魂是非物质并超出物质的东西somethingnon-physical,somethingmorethanpurelyphysical.这个论证就是这样Well,that'stheargument.但是我并不认为这个论证有说服力ButIdon'tmyselffindtheargumentcompelling.现在首先要注意的是Now,thefirstthingtonoticeis只有三个前提全部成立才能得出结论thattogettheconclusionweneedallthreepremises.放弃我们已得到的结论Giveuptheconclusionthatwe'vegot--放弃我们有自由意志这个前提GiveupthepremisethatWe'vegotfreewill,就不能推出我们是非物质的itwon'tfollowthatwe'renon-physical.即使某些有自由意志的东西Evenifsomethingthatdidhavefreewill必然是非物质的wouldhavetobenon-physical,那也推不出来我们是非物质的itwouldn'tfollowthatwe'renon-physical.对每一条假设都是如此That'strueforeachoneofthepremises.抛开这一点结论就不成立了Giveitup,theconclusiondoesn'tgothrough.有趣的是Andtheinterestingthingisthat每一个前提似乎都有其合理质疑之处eachoneofthesepremisescouldbeplausiblychallenged.正如我上次所说的Now,asIsaidlasttime,自由意志这个主题或者说自由意志thesubjectoffreewill--orfreewill,决定论因果论责任determinism,causationandresponsibility,这一堆问题thisclusterofproblems--是极端困难和复杂的物理问题isanextremelydifficultandcomplicatedphy