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上节课我们讲到了Lasttime,weturnedtothequestionof人格同一性的的形而上学标准whatthemetaphysicalkeytopersonalidentitymightbe.到底是什么Whatmakesitbethecasethatoneperson,使得未来的我somepersonthatexistsinthefuture,和现在的我是同一个人isthesamepersonasme.我们讨论的第一种理论是Thefirstapproachtothisthatweconsidered人格同一性的灵魂理论wasthesoultheoryofpersonalidentity:即成为同一个人的关键是拥有同一个灵魂thekeytobeingthesamepersonishavingthesamesoul.灵魂同则人同Samesoul,sameperson.灵魂不同则人不同Differentsoul,differentperson.这一理论的问题在于Andthedifficultywiththatapproach,即使我们先把灵魂是否存在evenifwebracketthequestion这个问题放在一边whetherornottherearesouls,这一理论的问题还在于thedifficultywiththatapproachwasthat灵魂似乎itseemsasthoughthesoul可以不断变化couldconstantlybechanging而我们所说的人格却始终不变whilethepersonality,aswemightcallit,staysthesame.我可以有不变的信念Ihavethesamebeliefs,记忆欲望目标memories,desires,goals,还有偏好等等preferencesandsoforth.但是我内心的灵魂却Butthesoulunderneathitallkeeps每隔五分钟就发生变化beingswappedeveryfiveminutes.如果人格同一性的灵魂理论成立Ifthesoultheoryofpersonalidentitywereright,那么后来的那个人就不是我了thatwouldnotbeme.人人影视尽管我们有着相同的人格despitehavingthesamepersonality.大多数人难以接受Mostofusfindthataratherdifficultthingtobelieve,人可以通过这种方式不断变化thatthepersoncouldbeconstantlychanginginthisway,但却无法识别withouthavinganywayatalltotell.而倘若我们不愿接受这种结果的话Andifwe'renotwillingtoacceptthatimplication,我们似乎就得拒绝接受itseemsasthoughweneedtoreject人格同一性的灵魂理论Thesoultheoryofpersonalidentity.我之所以说这么多Now,Iusethiscumbersomephrasebecause,ofcourse,并非是在否认灵魂的存在I'mnotheretalkingaboutrejectingtheexistenceofsouls.而是在思考WhatI'mconsideringrightnowisthequestion灵魂的一致性whethersamenessofsoul是否就是成为同一个人的关键isthekeytobeingthesameperson.而这是个Andthisisa--这里有个逻辑上的区别值得一提There'salogicaldistinctionherethat'sworthdrawing.就算你相信灵魂存在Evenifyoubelieveinsouls,你也无须说youdon'thavetosay成为同一个人的关键thathavingtheverysamesoulisthekey就是拥有不变的灵魂tobeingtheverysameperson.当然如果你不信灵魂Andtrivially,ofcourse,ifyoudon'tbelieveinsouls,不相信灵魂的存在ifyoudon'tbelievethatsoulsexist,那么你当然不会认同灵魂的存在性thenyoucertainlycan'tappealtotheexistenceofsouls,灵魂的连续性灵魂的一致性thecontinuityofsoul,thesamenessofsoul,是人格同一性的关键asthekeytopersonalidentity.但接下来我们可能要问Butwemightthenask,还有什么别的选择吗Wellwhat'sthealternative?自然而然另一个观点就是Now,thenaturalalternativeistosay,成为同一个人的关键Thekeytobeingthesameperson不是灵魂的一致性isnotthesamenessofthesoul,且不论灵魂存在与否whetherornotitexists,而是拥有同一肉体butratherhavingtheverysamebody.再说一遍我不打算Andagain,althoughI'mnotgoingto反复讨论这个问题goonandonaboutthispoint,值得注意的是it'sworthnoticingthat就算你真的相信灵魂存在evenifyoudobelievethatsoulsexist,也不妨碍你接受nothingstopsyoufromaccepting人格同一性的肉体理论thebodytheoryofpersonalidentity.不能排除这种可能Nothingrulesoutthepossibilitythat即肉体同一是havingtheverysamebody成为同一个人的关键isthekeytobeingtheverysamepersonovertime.即使你相信灵魂存在Evenifyoubelieveinsouls,你也可以接受肉体理论youcanacceptthebodytheory.而且显然Anditcertainlylooksasthough如果你不相信灵魂ifyoudon'tbelieveinsouls,你就只能接受人格同一性的肉体理论了youhavetoacceptthebodytheoryofpersonalidentity.事实证明Now,asitturnsout,这种说法站不住脚thatappearanceisdeceptive.对物理主义者来说还有其它的可能性Therearestillotheralternativesopentothephysicalist,这点我们等会儿再说butlet'scometothatotheralternativelater.先花点时间Let'stakeafewminutes来探讨下肉体理论andconsiderthenatureofthebodytheory,人格同一性的肉体理论thebodytheoryofpersonalidentity.当然就这个理论来说Onthistheory,ofcourse,要成为同一个人必须肉体同一thesecrettobeingthesamepersonishavingthesamebody.所以当我们问Sowhenweask,还记得上节课我说的well,yourememberlastlectureIwastalkingabout怎么会有个人星期二howthere'dbesomebodyherelecturingtoyou,在这里给你们讲哲学课philosophy,onTuesday.这个人现在就在这里Well,heresomebodyis.这是同一个人吗Isthatthesameperson?现在正给你们讲课的人Isthepersonwho'slecturingtoyounow和之前给你们讲课的那个人thesamepersonastheperson是同一个人吗whowaslecturingtoyoubefore?根据肉体理论Accordingtothebodytheory,答案就是问题转化为theansweris--turnsonthequestion,这具肉体是否就是Well,isthisthesamebodyasthe上星期在这里讲课的lumpoffleshandbone那堆皮肉骨头呢thatwasherelastweek?如果是顺便说一下确实是Ifitis--andbythebyitis--那么这就是同一个人ifitis,thenit'sthesameperson.所以我是上周给你们讲课的那个人吗SoamIthepersonwhowaslecturingtoyoulastweek?是的因为我的肉体没有改变Yes,Iam,becauseit'stheverysamebody.这就是肉体理论的观点That'swhatthebodytheorysays.不像灵魂理论那么神秘Andunlikesouls,whereit'sallrathermysterious你很难辨别灵魂howyoucouldtellwhethersoulswapping改变了没有wastakingplaceornot,而分辨到底是不是同一个肉体it'snotallthatmysterioushowwecheckouttosee则没有那么神秘whetherthesamebody'sbeenaround.就算你不辨别Eventhoughyoudidn'tdoit,你也可以潜入我的屋子youcouldhavesnuckintomyhouse,监视我的肉体入睡又醒来watchedmybodygotosleep,getupinthemorning,跟着我的肉体一整天followedthebodyaroundoverthecourseoftheday,然后看着它再次入睡seeitgotosleepagain.你可以追踪这个肉体的Youcouldhavetrackedthatbody时空轨迹然后说throughspaceandtimeandsaid,看这是同一个肉体Heylook.It'stheverysamebody.同样地Inthesameway我们也可以追踪汽车thatweareabletotrackinprinciplecars,这是我们之前讨论过的例子ourearlierexample,andtalkaboutyeah,这是由同一金属it'sthesamehunkofmetal电线橡胶和塑料组成的物体andwireandrubberandplastic.同样的车身同样的汽车Thisisthesamehunk,samebody.所以同一个肉体同一个人Allright,samebody,sameperson.这就是人格同一性的肉体理论That'sthebodytheoryofpersonalidentity.现在如果我们接受肉体理论Now,ifweacceptthebodytheory,那我们来看看这个问题thenofcourseifweturntothequestion,我死后还能幸存下来吗CouldIsurvivemydeath?我在肉体死亡以后还能存活下来吗CouldIsurvivethedeathofmybody?乍一看Atfirstglance,好像答案是itlooksasthoughtheanswer'sgoingtohavetobe,当然不会Well,ofcourse