搜索
在上节课结束的时候Attheendoflastclass,我提出一个问题Ibegantoraisethequestionastowhetherornot那就是我们是否应该区分两个weshoulddistinguishtwoquestions我们经常混为一谈的问题thatwewouldnormallybeinclinedtoruntogether.我们一直在问自己We'vebeenaskingourselves,到底需要什么我才能活下来whatdoesittakeformetosurvive,才能继续存在formetocontinuetoexist?但我觉得Butit'spossible,isuggested,我们其实不应关注这个问题thatwereallyshouldn'tfocusonthequestion,即如何才能活下来whatdoesittakeformetosurvive?而应该关注Butrather,我在乎的是什么whatisitthatIcareabout?什么活下来才有意义Whatisitthatmattersinsurvival?因为从逻辑上讲Becauseit'spossible,logicallyspeaking,有可能我活了下来thattherecouldbecasesinwhichIsurvive,却失去了我活着时通常拥有的东西butIdon'thavewhatInormallyhavewhenIsurvive,失去了对我重要的东西andsoIdon'thavewhatmatters.失去了当初想存活时我想要的那些东西Idon'thavewhatIwanted,whenIwantedtosurvive.一般情况下我活下来Itcouldbethatinthetypicalcasesofsurvival能够继续拥有这些东西I'vegotthatextrathing.但我们可以设想另一些情况我活下来ButwecanthinkofcasesinwhichIwouldsurvive,却失去了这些东西butIdon'thavethatextrathing,我失去了所有对我重要的东西andsoIwouldn'thaveeverythingthatmatterstome.在这种情况下Soasitwere,我们可以说wemightsay,仅仅是活下来或是肉体活下来itmightbethatmeresurvivalorbarebonessurvival对我毫无意义doesn'treallygivemewhatmatters.除了活下来我还想要更多WhatIwantissurvivalplussomethingelse.为阐明这个问题我要请大家思考一下AndItriedtomotivatethisquestionbyhavingyouthinkabout如果我们假设perhapsthepossibility,灵魂理论是人格同一性的正确理论ifthesoulviewwasthetruthaboutpersonalidentity,那我们来设想一个butimagineacaseof彻底的不可逆的失忆案例completeirreversibleamnesia,尽管灵魂仍然是你的灵魂whilenonetheless,it'sstillyoursoulcontinuing.但这个灵魂Butthesoulisgoingtothen,已经被完全删除干净havingbeenscrubbedclean,获得全新人格getabrandnewpersonality.有了一系列新记忆新愿望和新信仰Anewsetofmemories,newsetofdesires,newsetofbeliefs.无法恢复你以前的人格Nochanceofrecallingyourprevious,或者说是你现在的人格current,personality.当我思考这个案例的时候AndwhenIthinkaboutthatcase,我想说Ifindmyselfwantingtosay,好吧我能活下来但那又怎样呢Allright,I'llsurvive,butsowhat?我不在乎Idon'tcare.因为这种情况下Itdoesn'tmatter活下来的人是不是我已经不重要了thatit'sme,inthatcase.因为我不仅希望活下来的人是我BecauseIdon'tjustwantittobeme,我还希望活下来的人是带有我人格的我Iwanttohavetherebesomebodythat'smewithmypersonality.同样假设我们认为肉体理论是正确的Similarly,supposewethoughtthatthebodyviewwasthecorrectview我们可以再设想一个完全失忆的例子andweimagine,again,somesortofcaseofcompleteamnesia.我们有了新的人格Andsothenwegetanewpersonality你会说瞧这就是你andyousay,Ohlook,that'sgoingtobeyou,你的肉体你的大脑你还活着yourbody,yourbrain.You'restillaround.而我会说也许这是真的但那又怎样AndIsay,Itcouldbetrue,butsowhat?这不是我想要的活下来Itdoesn'tgivemewhatIwant,whenIwanttosurvive.我不仅希望活下来的人是我WhatIwantisn'tjustforittobeme.而且希望活下来的人是带有我人格的我Iwantittobemewithmypersonality.所以我们是否该这么下结论Soshouldweconclude,therefore,真正重要的并不是活下来thatwhatreallymattersisnotjustsurvival而是带有相同的人格活下来buthavingthesamepersonality?那么Wouldthat--假设人格同一性的人格理论是正确的Supposethepersonalityviewofpersonalityidentitywascorrect.它能否让我们不仅活下来Wouldthatthengiveusnotjustpersonalsurvival,而且有意义地活下来butwhatmatters?我想它已经很接近了差点就可以了Ithinkthat'sclose,butnocigar.不过还不够完善Notquitegoodenough.要注意一点回想一下Toseethat,recallthefactthat根据人格同一性的人格理论accordingtothepersonalityview,asatheoryofpersonalityidentity,是同一个人的关键不在于thecrucialpointisn't保持人格完全一样thatmypersonalitystayidentical.我不必保持完全一样的It'snotthatIhavetokeepall信仰愿望和记忆exactlytheverysamebeliefs,desires,andmemories.因为如果这样的话Becauseofcourse,ifwesaidthat,那我一有新信仰我就死了thenI'ddieassoonasIgotanewbelief.我一忘记自己二十分钟前做的事情I'ddieassoonasIforgotanythingatall我也就死了ofwhatIwasdoing20minutesago.当然不是这样根据人格理论No,accordingtothepersonalitytheory,判断人格同一性whatpersonalidentityrequires并不需要完全相同的人格isn'titem-for-itemthesamepersonality,而只需要是同一个不断演变的人格butratherthesameevolvingpersonality.我会有新信仰新愿望新目标Igainnewbeliefs,newdesires,newgoals.我可能会失去某些以前的信仰Imaylosesomeofmypreviousbeliefs,也可能忘掉某些以前的记忆losesomeofmypreviousmemories,但这都没关系butthat'sokay只要是同一个有足够重叠部分aslongasit'saslowly-evolvingpersonality慢慢演变的人格就行withenoughoverlap.好了现在让我们考虑下面这种情况Okay,sonowlet'sconsiderthefollowingcase.从我开始我在这里Istartoff.HereIam.我有一些信念I'vegotasetofbeliefs,比如相信自己是雪莱·卡根asetof--IbelieveI'mShellyKagan,记得自己在芝加哥长大asetofmemoriesaboutgrowingupinChicago.我有一些愿望Ihaveacertainsetofdesires比如说想要完成自己的哲学著作aboutwantingtofinishmybookinphilosophy如此等等andsoforth.我不断变老越来越老AndIgetolderandolderandolder.我有了些新记忆AndIgetsomenewmemories有了些新愿望新目标andsomenewdesiresandsomenewgoals.假设我已经很老很老了SupposethatIgetvery,very,veryold.已经100岁200岁300岁了Iget100yearsold,200yearsold,300yearsold.大约200岁的时候Somewherearound200,我的朋友给我取了个绰号supposethatmyfriendsgivemeanickname.他们叫我乔乔TheycallmeJo-Jo.天知道为什么他们叫我乔乔Whoknowswhy,theycallmeJo-Jo.过了段时间Andafterawhile,这个名字传开了somewherethenamespreads到了我250岁的时候andbythetimeI'm250yearsold,大家都叫我乔乔everybody'scallingmeJo-Jo.没人再叫我雪莱了NobodycallsmeShellyanymore.到了我300岁350岁400岁AndbythetimeI'm300,350,400,我已经忘了曾经有人叫我雪莱I'veforgottenanybodyusedtocallmeJo-Jo.[correction:Shelly]也不记得自己在芝加哥长大AndInolongerremembergrowingupinChicago.我还记得我是个100岁小伙子时的事情IrememberthingsaboutmyyouthwhenIwasaladof100.但再早以前的事情不记得了ButIcan'tgobacktowhatitwaslikeintheearlydays,就像你不记得三四岁时的事情justlikeyoucan'tgobacktowhatitwasliketobefourorthree.假设随着年龄的增长情况一直如此AndsupposethatallthisisgoingonasI'mgettingolderandolder.我的人格以各种方式不断变化Mypersonalityischanginginavarietyofotherways.我对哲学失去了兴趣Ilosemyinterestinphilosophy而开始对andtakeupaninterestin,我也不清楚也许对有机化学产生了兴趣Idon'tknow,somethingthatcompletelydoesn't--o