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上节课我们谈到体验机中的生活Lasttime,Iinvitedyoutothinkaboutlifeontheexperiencemachine,在那里科学家们通过刺激你的大脑wherethescientistsarebusystimulatingyourbrain从事物表现出来的客观属性insuchawayastogiveyouanexactreplicafromtheinsides到人们对事物的主观认知ofwhatitwouldbelikehavingidenticalexperiences对真实世界进行全方位复制totheonesyouwouldhaveifyouwerereallydoing--包括任何有价值的事物well,whateveritisthat'sworthdoing.比如攀登阿尔卑斯山ClimbingtheAlps,创作精彩的美国小说writingthegreatAmericannovel,供养和睦的家庭或从事发明创造raisingagreatfamilythatlovesyou,beingcreative.任何你认为有价值的事情Whateveritisyouthinkisworthhaving,体验机给予你的是意识上theexperiencemachinegivesyoualltheexperientialside的体验ofthosethings.而非真正意义上的实践Butyou'renotreallydoingthosethings.实际上你只是泡在科学家的实验池里You'reactuallyjustfloatinginthescientist'slab.那么我们会问自己Andweaskourselves,你愿意生活在体验机的世界中吗wouldyouwanttolivealifeontheexperiencemachine?当得知你其实一直Wouldyoubehappyorwouldyoubeunhappy,是生活在体验机中的时候todiscoverthatyouactuallyhavebeenliving你是高兴还是不高兴呢alifeontheexperiencemachine?对于这个问题大多数人Mostofus,whenwethinkaboutthis,都会回答不高兴findourselveswantingtosay,no,我们不想生活在体验机的世界中wewouldn'twanttohavealifeontheexperiencemachine.这类例子我已经讨论了很多年I'vebeendiscussingthissortofexampleformany,manyyears.也总有一撮人会回答我很乐意Andthere'salwaysagroupofpeoplewhothink,yes,只要一切运转正常lifeontheexperiencemachineis在体验机中的生活就是完美的perfectaslongasyou'vegottherighttapeplaying.但是大多数人都会说不对Butthevastmajorityalwayssays,no,这种生活里缺失了一些东西there'ssomethingmissingfromthatlife.这不是人类理想的生存方式{\c这不是我们理想中最好的生活方式it'snotthebestpossiblelifewecanimagineourselveshaving.但若我们认为缺了什么东西的话Butthatmeans,ifwethinksomething'smissing,我们就得问自己到底是缺了什么wethenhavetoaskyourselves,what'smissing?体验机究竟存在什么问题What'swrongwiththeexperiencemachine?我们可以很快得出一个结论即Theonethingwecanconcludeimmediatelyis,如果你认为体验机中的生活缺了什么ifyouthinklifeontheexperiencemachineismissingsomething,那么享乐主义者及其哲学观点thatthehedonist,andviewslikehedonism,一定是错误的mustbewrong,因为他们一直在说insofarastheysaythat人活在世就是allthatmattersforthebestpossiblelifeis为了享乐forwell-being,为了过得舒服些isgettingtherightkindsofexperiences,有个好心情gettingtherightkindsofmentalstates.由于我们假设Becausebyhypothesis,体验机能给人带来好心情theexperiencemachinegetsthementalstatesright,使人心情愉快gettheinsidesright.如果我们认为这种生活缺了什么的话So,ifsomething'smissingfromthatlife,也就意味着最好的生活there'smoretothebestkindoflifethanjust不仅仅是为了有个好心情havingtherightmentalstates,不仅仅是为了心情愉快thanjustgettingtheinsidesright.那我们就要问自己到底缺了什么呢Well,weaskourselvesthen,well,what'smissing?我想不同的人会有不同的看法Ithinkdifferentpeoplewillanswerthatindifferentways.如果有时间的话Andifwehadmoretime我们可以仔细讲讲关于幸福的不同理论wecouldspelloutrivaltheoriesofwell-being,这些理论可以通过回答下面的问题whichcouldbeinterestinglydistinguishedonefromanother被有趣地区分开来intermsofhowtheyanswerthequestion,体验机中缺失的是什么What'smissingfromtheexperiencemachine?这是一个问题Ontheonehand,以及为什么体验机中andWhyarethethingsthataremissing缺失的东西值得拥有fromtheexperiencemachineworthhaving?关于幸福的不同理论Differenttheoriesofwell-beingmightanswerthat会对此给出不同的答案indifferentways.与其继续系统地Insteadoftryingtopursuethose探讨这些理论alternativetheoriesinasystematicfashion,倒不如让我们来看看letmejustgesturetowardsomeofthethings体验机的生活中所缺少的东西thatseemtobemissingfromthatkindoflife.首先最直观的一点是Well,firstofall,andmost,perhaps,obviously--如果你只是花时间ifyou'rejustspending泡在科学家的实验池里的话yourlifefloatinginthescientist'slab,你实际上并没取得任何成就you'renotactuallyaccomplishinganything.你实际上并没有在生命中获得You'renotactuallygettingthethingsoutoflife你自以为已经获得的东西youthoughtyouweregetting.你想要勇攀高峰Youwantedtobeclimbingthemountain,但是你并没有在爬山butyou'renotactuallyclimbingamountain.你只是泡在池子里You'rejustfloatingthere.你想要创作精彩的美国小说YouwantedtobewritingthegreatAmericannovel,但你并没在书写精彩的美国小说butyou'renotwritingthegreatAmericannovel.你只是泡在那儿You'rejustfloatingthere.你想找到治愈癌症的方法Youwantedtobefindingthecureforcancer,但你其实并没有在寻找这种方法butyou'renotactuallyfindingthecureforcancer.你想要被人爱Youwantedtobeloved,但你并没有被人爱butyou'renotactuallyloved.你只是泡在那儿You'rejustfloatingthere.除了科学家没有人知道你的存在Nobodyotherthanthescientistevenknowsthatyouexist.你想干的事情很多So,there'savarietyofthingsyouwanted.你想知道自己在宇宙中的位置Youwantedtoknowyourplaceintheuniverse,可你甚至连一点相关的知识都不了解butyoudon'tevenhavethatkindofknowledgeeither,你以为自己在创作小说becauseyouthinkyou'rewritingnovels,在寻找癌症良药findingthecureforcancer,在攀登珠穆朗玛峰climbingMountEverest.你完全被欺骗了You'recompletelydeceivedaboutallthosethings.你没有Soyoudon'thavethe我们多数人所珍视的自我认知kindofself-knowledgethatmanyofusvalue.如我所讲不同的理论会将这些例子Well,asIsay,differenttheorieswouldtrytosystematizethese以不同的方式进行系统化处理{\c比如我们没有任何成就thatwedon'thaveanykindofaccomplishments,比如我们没有知识wedon'thaveknowledge,比如我们在不正常的爱情关系之中we'renotintherightkindsoflovingrelationships.针对以下问题不同理论会给出不同解释Differenttheoriesmighthavedifferentexplanationsasto--到底是因为我们想要这些事物arethesethingsvaluable它们才具有价值becausewewantthem,还是在我们了解到它们的价值之后ordowewantthembecause才想要的呢werecognizethey'revaluable?与其纠结这些问题...Ratherthantryingtopursuethosequestions--的确梳理这些观点中的细节问题Andindeed,tryingtoworkoutthedetails也是非常复杂的oftheseviewswouldbecomplicatedaswell.就拿取得成就这个例子来说Taketheexampleofaccomplishment.我们都清楚成就的重要性Well,weallthinkaccomplishment'simportant,但也并不是任何成就都是重要的butit'snotasthoughanyoldaccomplishmentisimportant.如果有人制定了至少我是这么看的Ifsomebodysetsthemselves--orsoitseemstomeatleast--如果某人的目标是ifsomebodysetstheirselfthegoalof制作一个美国东部makingthebigge