Module5 Unit1 grammar 不定式

Whattolearnabouttheinfinitive?Step1.不定式的基本形式和否定形式Step2.不定式的时态和语态Step3.不定式的基本用法Step4.不定式to的省略（可充当：主，宾，宾补，定，状，表，独立成分）Theyadvisedmetogiveupsmoking.Hepromisedtotakecareofthepoorchild.Iwarnthemnottogooutalone.Shedecidednottobelateagain.Hepromisednevertomakesuchamistake.不定式的基本形式是todo，其否定形式是nottodo.Step1基本形式和否定形式动词不定式时态语态主动被动一般式进形式完成式完成进形式Step2不定式的时态和语态todotobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendoingtobedonetohavebeendoneTheyinvitedus__________(go)therethissummer.Theyseemed_______________(talk)somethingsecret.(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时发生或之后发生.(2)如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。Examples：togotobetalkingHeissaid_________________(study)abroad,butIdon’tknowwhichcountryhestudiedin.Heissaid______________________(work)therefor30years,andhewillretirenextmonth.(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词前就要用完成式。(4)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词前,且该动作一直在进行，就要用完成进行式。Examples：tohavestudiedtohavebeenworkingI’mverydelighted________________(invite)toMary’sbirthdayparty.I’mpleased____________________(give)thischance.(5)如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动形式.Examples：tobeinvitedtohavebeengiven[难点]不定式的主动语态表示被动含义I’vegotaletter___________(write).Heneedsaroom_______________(live).Thetextiseasy____________(recite).Heishard_______________(talk).(1)当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一个名词（代词）有主谓关系。(2)当不定式在“主+系+表（形容词）”结构中做状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时。towritetoliveintorecitetotalkto[难点]不定式的主动语态表示被动含义Therearetwotractors__________(repair).(4)tolet/toblame用主动语态。Thehouseistolet.I’mtoblameforthisaccident.(3)当不定式修饰therebe/herebe引导的句子中的主语时。torepair试比较：Haveyougotanythingtosend?Haveyougotanythingtobesent?Therearemanythingstodonow.There‘remanythingstobedonenow.注意试比较：你有东西要送吗？你有东西要(别人)送吗？现在有很多事情要做。现在有很多事情要(别人)去做。Step3不定式的用法1作主语(1)把不定式置于句首。Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：①It＋be＋名词＋todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.②Ittakessb.+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?③It＋be＋形容词＋for/ofsb.＋todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.④Itseems(appears)＋形容词＋todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.2作宾语(1)常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：▲(构成V.+todo的形式)决心学会想希望determine/decide,learn,want/desire,hope/wish/expect/long设法假装在拒绝manage,pretend,refuse主动答应选计划offer,promise,choose,plan,同意请求帮一帮agree,ask/beg,help,其它aim,arrange,demand,fail,prepare……(2)如果不定式带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。▲(构成主语+V.+it+宾补+todosth.的形式)常见动词有：feel,think,consider,make,believe,find,judge……Eg.Ifinditinterestingtoworkwithhim.Ithinkitnecessarytosendforanexpert.Wejudgeitimpossibletofindasolutiontheprobleminsuchashorttime.(3)在介词后Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.(4)有些动词后可用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语常用的动词有：decide,discover,know,learn,see,think,wonder.Eg.Wedon’tknowwheretogo.在介词but,except之后，如果其前有实义动词do的某种形式，不定式不带to；如果没有do，则须带to.Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.注意3作宾语补足语Eg.Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhim.Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.在一感(feel),二听(hear,listento),三让(have,let,make),五看(lookat,notice,observe,see,watch)等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.注意allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish，require▲(构成“V.+Sb.+todo”的形式）(1)常接动词不定式作宾补的动词有：think,consider,believe,suppose,prove,know,feel,findunderstand,declare,imagine,take(2)有些动词虽然常接动词不定式作宾补，但这个不定式多为tobe：▲(构成“V.+Sb.+tobe”的形式）Eg.WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestteachers.Imagineyourself(tobe)inhisplace.Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.WeallunderstoodhimtobethenewCEO.Weallknowhimtobeagoodplayer.askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,preparefor,wishfor…(3)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：Eg.Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.在shouldlike,wouldlike/love后加不定式的完成式表示过去未实现的动作。在plan,wish等词的过去时后面可用不定式的完成式表示动作没有实现。I’dliketohavegonewithyouonyourhikelastweekend.Weplannedtohavefinishedtheworkbeforesupper.注意tell,advise,show,teach…(4)由with引导的复合结构中Eg.Theolddrivershowedmehowtodrivethecar.Withalotofworktodo,hedidn'tgotothecinema．(5)部分动词还可与连接代词/连接副词+不定式作宾补。如：试比较Withalotofworktodo,hedidn’tgotothecinema.Withalotofworkdone,hewenttothecinema.注意(有许多工作要去做，…)（许多工作做完了,…）4作定语(置于被修饰的名词或代词之后)Shewasalwaysthefirsttocome.(1)表将来：Thebiketobeboughtisforyoursister.ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.(2)当名词被first,next,second,last,only等词修饰时，其后常接不定式作定语，常含有过去时的意义：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Eg.Heislookingforaroomtolive___.Thereisnothingtoworry_______.Pleasegivemeaknifetocut______.inaboutwith(3)表动宾关系：Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?Haveyougotanythingtobetakentoyoursister?注意如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词Hehasnoplacetolive(in).Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem(in).MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.Hiseffortstowinthegamefinallypaidoff.注意这类名词还有：way,need,plan,chance,opportunity,promise,struggle……(4)说明所修饰名词的内容：5作状语(1).跟在某些表示感情的词后面表原因。Hewassurprisedtolearnhowmuchshe’dspent.(2).做目的状语，既可放于句首，也可置于句末；为加强语气，也可用“soastodo（只能放在句尾）”或“inordertodo（可放在句首或句尾）”表目的。HegetsupearlytoreadEnglish(表示目的、原因、结果)不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与