《汉语语言与文化》2-Languages of China

LanguagesofChinaIntroductiontoChineselanguagesGuanhua(官话，officialspeech)NorthernDialect(北方官话),JianghuaiDialect(江淮官话)SouthwestDialect(西南官话)Feiguanhu(非官话non-officialspeech)Wudialect(吴方言)Gandialect(赣方言）Hakkadialect(客家方言)Xiangdialect(湘方言)Mindialect(闽方言)Cantonese(粤方言)Guanhua(官话，officialspeech)northoftheChangjiangRiveraswellasinfourprovinces—Hubei(湖北)，Sichuan(四川),Yunnan（云南）,Guizhou（贵州）andtheareabetweenJiujiang（九江）andZhenjiang（镇江）southoftheChangjiangRiverFeiguanhu(非官话non-officialspeech)吴方言，spokeninsouthernJiangsuProvinceandmostpartsofZhejiangProvince赣方言,spokeninmostpartsofJiangxiProvince客家方言,spokenintheeasternandnorthernpartsofGuangdongProvince,thewesternpartofFujianProvince,thesouthernpartofJiangxiProvinceandTaiwan湘方言,spokeninmostpartsofHunanProvinceandthenorthernpartofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion闽方言,spokeninFujianProvince,Taiwan,HainanProvince,ChaozhouandShantouofGuangdongProvince粤方言,spokeninmostpartsofGuangdongprovinceandthesoutheasternpartofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegionNamesofChina’slanguage普通话，commonspeechorknownasmandarinintheWest---thePeople’sRepublicofChinaYayan(雅言,elegantlanguage)---ZhouandQinDynastiesTonghua(通话,popularspeech)---HanDynastyTianxiaTonghua(天下通话，popularspeechunderheaven)---intheYuanDynastyGuanhua(官话，speechoftheofficials,orMandarin)---intheMingandQingDynastiesGuoyu(国语，thenationallanguage)---duringthetimeoftheRepublicofChinaImportanceofChineselanguage•Themostpopulouslanguage•History:awrittenrecordofmorethan3,500years•OneoftheofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNations•AninfluenceonotherlanguagesThreestagesofChinesewritingBoneinscriptionBronzeinscriptionQin-stylesealcharacters秦篆ThisuniformhashelpedChinatouniteandprosperinatleasttwoways.First,itispartofthecultureidentityofpeopleacrossdialectsandethnicgroups.Second,theenduringwritinghascontributedtothepolitical,socialandculturalstabilityofthecountryforcenturies.Oracleboneinscription（甲骨文）discoveredin1899.amaturewritingsystemwith4,500characters.UsedfordivinationTortoiseshellsBladesofoxen.InfluenceonEnglish功夫台风饺子荔枝，龙眼磕头旗袍豆腐.茶，乌龙茶普通话，官话丝高丽参，人参阴，阳风水KungfuTyphoonJiaoziLitchi,longan['lɔŋɡən,'lɔ:ŋ-]Kowtowcheong-sam/qipaotofu.tea,oolongmandarinSilkGinseng['dʒinseŋ]yin,yangfengshui['fʌŋ'ʃwei]InfluenceonEnglish(esp.U.S)Wontonchopsuey,bokchoy,wok,chowmein,dimsum,Tongyen馄饨炒杂碎（一道美式中国菜）白菜锅（来自广东话）炒面点心堂(asecretfraternalsocietyofChinese)欲OxfordEnglishdictionaryAdditionsSeriesVol.3,1997拉祜族，拉祜语江西省龙山灵芝戈鬲鼎罍雷纹楷书隶书干杯干部啦LahuKiangsiLungshanglingchikolitingleiLeiwenK’aishulishuganbeiganbulahPronunciationinancienttimeszhiyinfa(直音法)tonotethepronunciationofacharacterwithanotherhomonymiccharacter.诞(dan)但（dan）duruofa(读若法)toindicatethepronunciationofacharacterwithacharacterofsimilarsound.“闯(chuang)≈郴(chen),and“娓（wei）≈媚(mei).”{ShuoWenJieZi(说文解字),thefirstChinesedictionarybyXuShen(许慎)oftheEasternHanDynasty}Fanqiefa（反切法）istomarkasoundofaChinesecharacterwithtwoothercharacters.tong(同)=tu(徒)+hong(红){KangxiZidian(康熙字典)，ZhonghuaDaZidian(中华大字典)1919}PronunciationinmoderntimesIn1605RicciMatteo(利玛窦)isthefirsttouseLatinalphabettomarkthepronunciationofChinesecharacters.SincethenavarietyofschemeshavebeendevisedeitherbyChineseorbyforeignscholars.GuoyuLuomazi(国语罗马字)，theNationalLanguageRomanization;theWadeSystem(威妥玛氏音标);ZhuyinZimu(注音字母),theSound-NotatingAlphabetHanyuPinyinFang’an（汉语拼音方案），theSchemefortheChinesePhoneticAlphabet.PinyinGuoyuLuomaziZhuyinZimuWadeSystem好(good)haohauhㄏㄠhao忍(endure)renreenㄖㄣjen福州FuzhouFurjouㄈㄨㄓㄡFoochowTsangYam-kuen,政务司司长曾荫权DonaldZengChiangKai-shek蒋介石SunYat-senTanKahKee陈嘉庚ChiangChingKuo蒋经国TheschemeofPinyinTheschemeofPinyinincludesfiveparts:thealphabet(字母表),thetableofinitials（声母表）thetableoffinals（韵母表）tonemarks（声调符号）thesyllable-dividingmark’（隔音符号）TheAlphabet汉语拼音字母表AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoppQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZzThetableofinitials汉语拼音声母表b[玻]p[坡]m[摸]f[佛]d[得]t[特]n[讷]l[勒]g[哥]k[科]h[喝]j[基]q[欺]x[希]z[资]c[;雌]s[思]r[日]zh[知]ch[嗤]sh[诗]y[医]w[巫]Thetableoffinals汉语拼音韵母表Simplevowel(单韵母):aoeiuüCompoundvowel(复韵母):aieiuiaoouiuieüeerVowelplusanasalconsonant(鼻韵母):aneninunangengingongTonemarks声调符号ˉ(阴平)highleveltoneǖˊ(阳平)highrisetoneǘˇ(上声)rise-falltoneǚˋ(去声)fallingtoneǜThetone-markisalwaysplacedabovethemainvowelofthefinalineachsyllable.NeutralToneshortandunstressedUsedonlyinconnectionwithandrelatedtothetoneprecedingit.Notone-markisneeded.妈妈māma,案子ànzi,拨弄bōnong,吗，呢，哪Initial+Final+ToneInitial(sheng,consonant)Final(yun,vowel)Zeroinitial:àn暗darkNoconsonantsexcept–nand–ngcanbeputintheendofasyllable.FunctionsoftonesTodistinguishmeaningˉhighleveltone妈妈māˊhighrisetone麻máˇrise-falltone马mǎˋfallingtone骂màFunctionsoftonesTomakethelanguagemusical吸来江水煮新茗；平平平仄仄平平卖尽青山当画屏。仄仄平平平仄平ThetonesmakeChinesemusicalandmelodious.Theupsanddownsofpitchmakespeakingsoundlikesinging.MusicalmelodyFarmoremusicalisspokenChinesethanEnglishandmanyotherlanguages.Languagesaremadeupoftwotypesofsounds:musical(vowels)andnoisy(consonants).Chinesevs.EnglishChineserarelyallowsconsonantstorunto