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专题六动词和动词短语一、动词分类一览表分类功能及构成例词例句备注实义动词及物动词＋宾语give,tell,send,etc.Hegavemeapresent.实义动词又可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词不及物动词后不加宾语work,swim,arrive,etc.Hearrivedlate.系动词本身有词义，不能单独用作谓语，必须跟表语构成系表结构状态类be,remain,keep,stay,continue,stand,sit,lie,prove,turnout,workout,seem,appearHeisateacher.Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.Theplanturnedoutasuccess.Heseems(tobe)verysad.Thesearchproveddifficult.感觉类feel,smell,sound,taste,lookThiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.Thisflowersmellsverysweet.大部分的表示变化类的系动词有进行时态，但所有的系动词都没有被动结构变化类become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run,makeThefishwentbad.Hebecameadoctortwoyearsago.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.助动词本身没有词义，用以帮助构成时态、语态、否定句、疑问句、倒装句等结构。不可单独使用，须与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语be,have,do,shall和will的各种形式Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish.Hedidknowthat.Ihaveboughtacar.Doyoulikecollegelife?NeverwillIcomeback情态动词无人称和数的变化。表示说话人的情感、态度、语气、命令、推测等。必须和动词原形连用构成谓语(ought除外)can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would),must,need,dareWecan’tcarrytheheavybox.Hemaycometomorrow.Wemuststudyhard.详见语法专题之情态动词和虚拟语气二、动词短语动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。动词短语构成一览表：构成例词例句动词+副词turnup,turnoff,etc.Harryturnedupafterthepartywheneveryonehadleft.Pleaseturneverylightinthehouseoff.动词＋介词agreewith,etc.Iagreewithyouonthatpoint.动词+副词＋介词lookforwardto,etc.Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.动词+名词＋介词makeuseof,etc.Youshouldmakefulluseofyourtime.动词+名词takeplace,etc.Greatchangesaretakingplaceinourlife.动词和动词短语是历年高考单项填空考查的核心。设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或动词短语来考查考生在具体语境中对其的理解和实际运用能力。【考点一】考查助动词的用法助动词有be(am,is,are,was,were,been),have(has,had),do(does,did),will(would),shall(should)。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。（1）助动词be(am,is,are,were,been)的用法结构用法例句be+现在分词构成进行时态Theyarehavingameeting.be+过去分词构成被动语态ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom.betodosth.表示计划、安排或命令HeistogotoNewYorknextweek.begoingtodosth.表示计划或有迹象表明将要发生某事Lookatthedarkclouds.It’sgoingtorain.（2）助动词have(has,had)的用法结构用法例句have+过去分词构成完成时态HehasleftforLondon.Haveyouseenthefilm?HehadleftforLondonbeforeIcame.havebeen+现在分词构成完成进行时态Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?（3）助动词do(does,did)的用法结构用法例句do+主语+动词原形构成一般疑问句DidyoustudyGerman?donot+动词原形构成实义动词的否定形式Idonotwanttobecriticized.do+动词原形用于祈使句或陈述句中加强语气Hedidbuyanewcaryesterday.Dodosomework.代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复Mymothertoldmetogotobedearly.SoIdid.【考点二】常考的变化类系动词辨析系动词用法常用结构例句go①由好到坏或由正常到不常的变化②“保持”gobad；goblind；gomad;gohungry(unreported,unnoticed)Thetirewentflat.Heoftenwenthungryinthepast.come变成为（已知的状态）；证实为cometrue;comerightThingswillcomerightintheend.Hisdreamwillcometruesoonerorlater.run“变成”runshort；rundryThewellhasrundry.turn成为与以前完全不同的东西。多接表示颜色或天气的形容词或不带冠词的名词。Thetreesturnredinautumn.Hehasturnedwriter.fall“进入（某种状态）；成为”fallasleep；fallill；falllame；fallsilentTheoldmen,unabletoexpresshimself,fellsilent.get“变成，变得……起来”。较口语化。强调“逐渐”。后接形容词、分词、介词短语。Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.become“成为”，普通用语，多表示过去完成的事。become+a(n)+名词Shehasbecomealawyer.Hebecameangrywithme.grow“渐渐变得……起来；长得”，强调其变化过程。常可接表示天气的形容词。It’sgrowingwarm.appear“显得，好像”，常用于正式文体中。指给他人的表面印象，有时含有实质上并非如此之意。appeartobe/adj./n./prep.appeartodo;Itappearsthat...;appearasif/thoughHeappearedtobetalkingtohimself.Itappearsthattheyareright.Theriverappearedasifenvelopedinsmog.seem“似乎，好像”。指说话人内心的估计与判断，有一定依据，接近于实际情况。seemtobe/adj./n./prep.seemtodo；Itseemsthat...;seemsasif/thoughTheyoungmanseemedtohavechangedmuch.Itseemsthatsheishappy.Sheseemedasifshecouldn’tunderstandwhyLaurawasthere.look“好像，看起来”，一般用于非正式场合。侧重由视觉得到的印象。look+adj./n./prep.looklike;lookasif/thoughShelookslikehermother.Itlooksasifwearegoingtohavesnow.【考点三】考查主动形式表被动意义的用法（1）need,want,require(要求，需要),deserve(应得，值得),beworth(值得)，后面接doing主动形式表被动意义。Thebookisworthreading.Theseyoungseedlingswillrequire/needlookingafter(=needtobelookedafter)carefully.Yourhairwants/needscutting(needstobecut).（2）不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表被动含义。Ihavemuchworktodo.（与work有动宾关系，与I有主谓关系）比较：Ihavealettertobetyped.（3）不定式作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时(主语+系动词+形容词+不定式)，如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义时(difficult,easy,comfortable,convenient,hard,cheap,expensive,etc.)，不定式用主动表被动。Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.Theworkiseasytodo.(=It’seasytodothework.)（4）有些动词(短语)只有主动形式，常视为主动表被动。①takeplace,happen,breakout等。Abigfirehappened/tookplace/brokeoutlastnight.②一些动词,如:sell(销售),wash(洗),clean(打扫),burn(燃烧),cook(煮),write(写)等与副词,如:well(好),easily(容易地),perfectly(十分地)等连用，描绘事物的特性，用主动表被动，结构是：主语+动词+副词。Thebooksellswell.Theseclotheswasheasily.Thepenwriteswell.Nyloncleanseasily.【考点四】考查易混短语的用法动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨析及不同短语的辨析。1.AGREE短语sb.agreewithsb.某人同意某人的话/意见sth.agreewithsb.某物/某事适应某人agreetotheplan/decision/arrangement同意计划/决定/安排agreeonsth.就……达成共识agreetodosth.同意干某事2.BREAK短语breakaway(from)（与……）脱离；改掉（习惯）breakdown（身体）垮掉；（计划、谈判）失败；（汽车）抛锚；分解（强调化学变化）breakin/into闯入breakoff折断；断绝breakout（fire,disease,war,etc.）突发，爆发（火灾，疾病，战争等）breakup打碎；分裂；分解(强调化学变化)3.BRING短语bringabout引起，造成；实现bringback拿回；使回忆起来bringdown使倒下；降低bringin挣得；介绍引进bringon引起,导致bringout揭示，揭露bring...tolight揭露；使了解到bringup抚养；呕吐4.CALL短语callat+sp.拜访某地callon/upon+sb.访问，拜访某人callfor要求；需要callin召集；请来calloff取消callup打电话；令人想起5.CARRY短语carryon进行；进行下去carryout贯彻，执行carrythrough顺利完成，顺利实现6.COME短语comeabout发生；造成comeacross偶遇comealong加油，快点；进展，进行comeintoeffect(f