英美戏剧选读

DramaSelectedReadingsofEnglish&AmericanDrama英美戏剧选读AnIntroductiontodrama1.WhatIsDrama?Adramaisaworkofliteratureoracompositionwhichdepictslifeandhumanactivitybymeansofpresentingvariousactionsof,anddialoguesbetweenagroupofcharacters.Anditisdesignedfortheatricalpresentation.WhatIsDrama?OriginsofDrama–TheworddramacomesfromtheGreekverbdran,whichmeans“todo.”Theearliestknownplays...–werewrittenaroundthefifthcenturyB.C.–producedforfestivalstohonorDionysus,thegodofwineandfertilityTwomanifestationsofaplay(1)Itisaliterarywork,anorderofwordsonapagetoberead.作为文学文本的戏剧(2)Itisaperformance,anorderofspeechesandvisualeffectspresentedonastage.作为舞台表演的戏剧2.Whydowestudydrama?a.tolearnwhatmeaningothershavemadeoflife,b.tocomprehendwhatittakestoproduceaworkofart,c.togleansomeunderstandingofourselves.Dramaproducesinaseparate,aestheticworld,amomentofbeingfortheaudiencetoexperience,whilemaintainingthedetachmentofareflectiveobserver.Togreatplaywrights,thetheatreisameansofprobinghonestlyandcourageouslyforthemeaningoflifeandmysteryofexistence.Alltheworld’sastageAndallthemenandwomenmerelyplayersTheyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrancesAndonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts…------WilliamShakespeareThatiswhywemusthaveatheatre,foraboveall,thetheatreplacesmaninthecentreoftheworld.wemusthaveapointofadventurousstillness,thequieteyeofthestorm,fromwhichtowitnesstheageoldrevelationofamanchallengingGodintheworkingoutofhisfate.----------ArthurMillerHowdowelearntheplays?1.Introducetheplay.(characters,plot,themes,andmostimportantofallwhatisyourcomments)=presentation2.Watchtheplay.3.Role-playingofchosenscenes.(everyonemusttakepartintheactivitiesintwoplays)4.Discussionoftheplayifnecessary.TheoriginofwesterndramaTheWesterndramatictraditionhasitsoriginsinancientGreeceGreektragedy,originatedinthedithyrambattheDionysiaof534BC,theleadsingerofthedithyramb,amannamedThespis(泰斯庇斯),addedtothechorusanactorwithwhomhecarriedonadialogue.TheelementsandStructureofDramaAristotlecategorizeddramaintosixelementsinhis“Poetics”inorderofimportanceasheviewsthemPlotCharacterThoughtDiction（语言）Music（唱段）Spectacle（戏景）Plot(情节)thethingsthathappenedintheplayandthewaysinwhichthoseincidentsconnectAnyplotofadramaticworknecessaryhastodowithconflictAplaymakesaprogressfrombeginning,throughmiddle,toend,orfromexposition,throughcomplication,todenouement.DramatictermsrelatedtoplotForeshadowingConflictRisingactionClimaxFallingactionAnticlimaxCatastropheSubplot/doubleplotDramatictermsrelatedtoplotForeshadowing—预示，铺垫Conflict—戏剧冲突Risingaction—动作上行Theeventsofadramaticornarrativeplotprecedingtheclimax.Climax—戏剧高潮Fallingaction—动作下行thesequenceofeventsthatfollowtheclimaxandendintheresolution.Anticlimax—突降，反高潮Catastrophe—悲剧结尾Subplot/doubleplot—次要情节/双重情节Liketheplotofastory,theplotofaplayinvolvescharacterswhofaceaproblemorconflict.Climaxpointofhighesttension;actiondetermineshowtheconflictwillberesolvedResolutionconflictisresolved;playendsComplicationstensionbuildsExpositioncharactersandconflictareintroducedConflictisastruggleorclashbetweenopposingcharactersorforces.Aconflictmaydevelop...betweencharacterswhowantdifferentthingsorthesamethingbetweenacharacterandhisorhercircumstanceswithinacharacterwhoistornbycompetingdesiresexpositioncomplicationdenouementexposition(戏剧呈现):itsetstheactionintimeandplaceandmakesusacquaintedwiththecharacters;itrevealsthesituationtheyarein,initiatestheconflicttobedeveloped,anditmayintroduceforeshadowingtohintattheresolution.Allthesemustbedoneclearlyandquickly.complication（深度推进和冲突复杂化）----developstheconflictinitiatedbytheexposition,providingtheconflictwithitsdepthandbreadthpointofattack交锋点therisingaction上行的动作Climax（turningpoint，reversal）高潮Anticlimax突降，反高潮denouement（resolution）Ideallythedenouementariseslogicallyfromtheexpositionandcomplication.Followingtheclimaxeverythingheadsdownwardinfallingaction.Thingsfallintoplace,andtheplayheadstowardtheconclusion.Thenit’sallover.Character:anypersonappearinginadramaornarrativeProtagonist主角Antagonist反角Foil陪衬人物Stockcharacter/typecharacter类型化人物Theroundedorthreedimensionalcharacterswhoareneitherwhollygoodnorwhollyevil,butwhollyhumanarecertainlythemostconvincingandrichcharacters.Protagonist---themaincharacterinadrama.Thischaracterisusuallythemostinterestingandsympatheticandisthepersoninvolvedintheconflictdrivingtheplot.Antagonist---acharacterorforceinconflictwiththeprotagonist.Theantagonistisoftenanothercharacterbutmayalsobeanintangibleforcesuchasnatureorsociety.Thedramaticconflictcanalsotaketheformofastrugglewiththeprotagonist’sowncharacter.Foil---acharacterwho,throughdifferenceorsimilarity,bringsoutaparticularaspectofanothercharacter.Laertes,reactingtothedeathofhisfather,actsasafoilforHamlet.Stockcharacter---astereotypicalcharactertypewhosebehavior,qualities,orbeliefsconformstofamiliardramaticconventions.Charactersmaybeportrayedin4ways.1.characterisdepictedbyappearance2.characterisrevealedbyspeech3.characterisestablishedbyaction4.charactermayberevealedbywhatothersayabouthim,andthewayinwhichtheyreacttohim.Though