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Module4Module4GrammarInfinitive1.不定式的用法2.不定式的时态与语态1.Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnecessaryforacollegestudent.2.Itisgoodmannerstohelppeopleintrouble.1.作主语1.Yourjobistowashdishes.2.AllIdidwas(to)givehimsomeadvice.2.作表语当作表语的不定式解释主语中do的意义时，to可以省略。Shepromisedtogivehimachance.3.作宾语agree,demand,ask,decide,expect,hope,want,offer,plan,pretend,promise,afford,prepare,refuse,manage,fail,dare,fear,swear等动词后面均可直接跟不定式作宾语。少数介词后面可跟不定式作宾语1.Ithasnochoicebuttoliedownandsleep.2.Theydidn’topentheirmouthsexcepttocomplain.当句子中的主动词为do时,but,except后的动词不定式省去to;can’tbut,can’tchoosebut,can’thelpbut,donothingbut,ratherthan,hadbetter之后省略to.1.Hedoesnothingbutplayallday.2.Atthenewsshedidn’tsayanythingbuttocry.3.Hecan’tchoosebutdoit.4.There’snothingtodoexcept/butwaittillitstopsraining.4.作宾语补足语Theteachertoldhisstudentstopaymoreattentiontotheirpronunciation.Iwouldliketheproblemtobediscussedatthenextmeeting.A.ask,tell,order,command,beg,get,request,require,invite,force,permit,cause,forbid,allow,wish,want,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,warn,wouldlike等动词可以接带to的不定式作宾补。B.think,consider,believe,suppose,know,feel,find,understand等动词后常接tobe+adj.作宾补。Weallknowhimtobeagoodplayer.Thefluisbelieved_____byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.(04sh)A.causingB.beingC.tobecausedD.tohavecausedC.不定式作补语，可根据需要在前加how,where,when,what等疑问词。1.Couldyoutellmehowtorepairthemachine?2.Noonetoldmewheretofindhim.3.Pleaseshowuswhattodowiththesesentencepatterns.D.see,hear,watch,feel,notice,let,make,have等后跟不定式作宾补时,不加to,help后可加可不加.1.Ineverletmychildstayinthehouseallday.2.Havehimcomein,please.3.Iheardhersaythatshe’dliketogototheconcert.5.作主语补足语Iwasaskedtohelphimwithhislessons.主语补足语就是主动语态中的宾语补足语1.Shewasseentogooutaminuteago.2.Hewasmadetogiveupdrinking.3.Hewasheardpractisingsingingasongthistimeyesterday.6.作后置定语1.Shewasthefirstgirltoworkouttheproblem.(主谓关系)2.Hehasanimportantmeetingtoattend.(动宾关系)3.Hekeepshispromisetowritetousregularly.(同位关系)不定式作宾语，动词如果不是及物动词，后面应加必要的介词Theiceistoothinforustowalkon.IhiredaroomtoliveinwhenintheUS.7.作目的状语，to可用inorderto或soasto代替（soasto不能置于句首）。1.ShegotoffthetraininBeijingtoseeafriend.2.SomescientistswenttoGermanytoattendamedicalconference.3.Theystartedveryearlyinordernottomissthetrain.8.作结果状语不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果,且不定式前常有only,never,强调惊讶或失望。V-ing作结果状语强调一种必然的因果关系。Hehurriedtohishouse,onlytofindithadbeenbrokeninto.Istoodthere,nevertobefeelingsostupid.Herparentsdied,leavingheranorphan.Therewasatornadoyesterday,causing100deaths.不定式的复合结构1.疑问词+不定式的复合结构1.Whentostarthasnotbeendecidedyet.2.Theproblemishowtopersuadehimtochangehismind.主语表语Wemustlearnwhattodoinfaceofdifficulties.Iwonderifyoucouldtellmehowtogettothestation.宾语宾语补足语2.带有逻辑主语的结构1.It’skindofyoutolendmesuchabeautifulnecklace.2.It’simportantforustomasteraforeignlanguage.3.Thefirstthingforustodoistocleantheroom.主语主语定语此结构中的形容词说明句中行为动词的特征此结构中的形容词说明逻辑主语的特征，可作逻辑主语的表语Itis+adj.+ofsb.todoItis+adj.+forsb.todoItisfoolishofyoutosaysuchwords.Youarefoolishtosaysuchword.Itisnecessaryforustolearnourlessonswell.Wearenecessarytolearnourlessonswell.不定式主动式被动式一般式完成式进行式/完成进行式/todotobedonetohavedonetohavebeendonetobedoingtohavebeendoing1)不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。1.Heseemstoknowthis.2.Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.3.Iexpecttohearfromyousoon.2)不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。1.Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutthismatter.2.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.3)不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。1.Theboypretendedtobelisteningwhentheteacherlookedathim.2.Heseemstobeeatingsomething.4)不定式的完成进行式如果不定式表示的动作在谓语动作之前一直进行，就需要用完成进行式。1.TheyaresaidtohavebeenworkinginTibetfor20years.2.Wearehappytohavebeenhelpingeachotherthesedays.3.I’dliketohavebeentoldthenewsearlier.5)不定式的被动式当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.Ihadtoshouttobeheard.6)动词不定式的否定由not或never加不定式构成。Trynottobelateagainnexttime.Hewishedusnevertomeetheragain.1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier________itmoredifficult.(1999)A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat______inmynewjob.(2000)A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects3.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered_____thefirstcomputer.(98)A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented4.Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_______tocarryallthewayhome.(2003)A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuch5.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.(1995)A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto6.LittleJimshouldlove_____tothetheatrethisevening.(1997)A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking7.Therearefivepairs___,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.(1999上海)A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing8.________lateintheafternoon,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(2001)A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingsleep9.Withalotofdifficultproblems______,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(2002)A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled10.Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole______inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive.(2003)A.tohaveplayedB.toplayC.tobeplayedD.tobeplaying11.Inordertogainabiggersha