Jeremy-Bentham-and-utilitarianism-边沁和功利主义

BriefIntroductonofJeremyBenthamBorninLondon,EnglandAchildprodigy:readasayoungtoddlerandstudiedLatinattheageofthreeStudiedlawatQueen'sCollege,OxfordandcompletedhisBachelor'sdegreeandMaster'sdegree.aBritishphilosopher,jurist(法学家),socialreformer(改革家)andthefounderofmodernutilitarianism(功利主义)aleadingtheoristinAnglo-Americanphilosophyoflaw,andapoliticalradicalwhoseideasinfluencedthedevelopmentofwelfarism.konwnforhisadvocacyofutilitarianismandanimalrightsandtheideaofthepanopticon（圆形监狱）.JeremyBentham(1748-1832)HisArgumentsHeadvocated:individualandeconomicfreedomtheseparationofchurchandstate(国教分离)freedomofexpressionequalrightsforwomentherighttodivorcethedecriminalising(合法化)ofhomosexualactstheabolitionofslavery,theabolitionofthedeathpenaltytheabolitionofphysicalpunishment,includingchildren.HisWork1.UtilitarianismThisphilosophyofutilitarianismtookforitsfundamentalaxiom,itisthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumberthatisthemeasureofrightandwrong.2.EconomicsBenthamstatedthatpleasuresandpainscanberankedaccordingtotheirvalueordimensionsuchasintensity,duration,certaintyofapleasureorapain.3.AnimalrightsBenthamiswidelyregardedasoneoftheearliestproponentsofanimalrights,andhasevenbeenhailedasthefirstpatronsaintofanimalrights.Utilitarianism(功利主义)Definitions:Utilitarianismisdefinedasthegreatestgoodofthegreatestnumber.Thegreatesthappinessprinciple,ortheprincipleofutility,formsthecornerstoneofallBentham'sthought.Byhappiness,heunderstoodapredominanceofpleasureoverpain.Wedecidehowtoact,andthenjustifyouractions,byevaluatingwhichalternativesarelikelyresultinthegreatestgood.MeasurementofUtilityPleasureHappinessIdealsPreferencesTypesofUtilitarianismActUtilitarianism(情境功利主义)Anactisright,ifandonlyif,itresultsinasmuchgoodasanyavailablealternative.RuleUtilitarianism（规则功利主义）Anactisright,ifandonlyif,itisrequiredbyarulethatisitselfamemberofasetofruleswhoseacceptancewouldleadtogreaterutilityforsocietythananyavailablealternative.ExamplesA:Youareasurgeonandyouhave5patients.1ofthepatienthasonlyaminorconcussion(脑震荡),howeverthe4otherswilldieunlesstheygetanorgantransplant（器官移植）.the1healthypatientisaperfectmatchandcansavethelivesofthe4(eachoneneedsadifferentorgan)doyousacrificethe1forthegoodofthe4?anActUtilitarianismwouldweighthecostvsthebenefitandsacrificethe1healthypatient=greatergoodB:-killingismurder,andmurderiswrong(thiscanbearule)-rulesofEngagement:donotfireunlessfiredupon(thiscanbearule)-whatisamanhasagunpointedatyourwifeorhusband?Therightthingtodowouldbetokillthekiller