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材料科学基础专业词汇:第一章晶体结构原子质量单位Atomicmassunit(amu)原子数Atomicnumber原子量Atomicweight波尔原子模型Bohratomicmodel键能Bondingenergy库仑力Coulombicforce共价键Covalentbond分子的构型molecularconfiguration电子构型electronicconfiguration负电的Electronegative正电的Electropositive基态Groundstate氢键Hydrogenbond离子键Ionicbond同位素Isotope金属键Metallicbond摩尔Mole分子Molecule泡利不相容原理Pauliexclusionprinciple元素周期表Periodictable原子atom分子molecule分子量moleculeweight极性分子Polarmolecule量子数quantumnumber价电子valenceelectron范德华键vanderwaalsbond电子轨道electronorbitals点群pointgroup对称要素symmetryelements各向异性anisotropy原子堆积因数atomicpackingfactor(APF)体心立方结构body-centeredcubic(BCC)面心立方结构face-centeredcubic(FCC)布拉格定律bragg’slaw配位数coordinationnumber晶体结构crystalstructure晶系crystalsystem晶体的crystalline衍射diffraction中子衍射neutrondiffraction电子衍射electrondiffraction晶界grainboundary六方密堆积hexagonalclose-packed(HCP)鲍林规则Pauling’srulesNaCl型结构NaCl-typestructureCsCl型结构CaesiumChloridestructure闪锌矿型结构Blende-typestructure纤锌矿型结构Wurtzitestructure金红石型结构Rutilestructure萤石型结构Fluoritestructure钙钛矿型结构Perovskite-typestructure尖晶石型结构Spinel-typestructure硅酸盐结构Structureofsilicates岛状结构Islandstructure链状结构Chainstructure层状结构Layerstructure架状结构Frameworkstructure滑石talc叶蜡石pyrophyllite高岭石kaolinite石英quartz长石feldspar美橄榄石forsterite各向同性的isotropic各向异性的anisotropy晶格lattice晶格参数latticeparameters密勒指数millerindices非结晶的noncrystalline多晶的polycrystalline多晶形polymorphism单晶singlecrystal晶胞unitcell电位electronstates(化合)价valence电子electrons共价键covalentbonding金属键metallicbonding离子键Ionicbonding极性分子polarmolecules原子面密度atomicplanardensity衍射角diffractionangle合金alloy粒度,晶粒大小grainsize显微结构microstructure显微照相photomicrograph扫描电子显微镜scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)透射电子显微镜transmissionelectronmicroscope(TEM)重量百分数weightpercent四方的tetragonal单斜的monoclinic配位数coordinationnumber材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷缺陷defect,imperfection点缺陷pointdefect线缺陷linedefect,dislocation面缺陷interfacedefect体缺陷volumedefect位错排列dislocationarrangement位错线dislocationline刃位错edgedislocation螺位错screwdislocation混合位错mixeddislocation晶界grainboundaries大角度晶界high-anglegrainboundaries小角度晶界tiltboundary,孪晶界twinboundaries位错阵列dislocationarray位错气团dislocationatmosphere位错轴dislocationaxis位错胞dislocationcell位错爬移dislocationclimb位错聚结dislocationcoalescence位错滑移dislocationslip位错核心能量dislocationcoreenergy位错裂纹dislocationcrack位错阻尼dislocationdamping位错密度dislocationdensity原子错位substitutionofawrongatom间隙原子interstitialatom晶格空位vacantlatticesites间隙位置interstitialsites杂质impurities弗伦克尔缺陷Frenkeldisorder肖脱基缺陷Schottkydisorder主晶相thehostlattice错位原子misplacedatoms缔合中心AssociatedCenters.自由电子FreeElectrons电子空穴ElectronHoles伯格斯矢量Burgers克罗各-明克符号KrogerVinknotation中性原子neutralatom材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷-固溶体固溶体solidsolution固溶度solidsolubility化合物compound间隙固溶体interstitialsolidsolution置换固溶体substitutionalsolidsolution金属间化合物intermetallics不混溶固溶体immisciblesolidsolution转熔型固溶体peritecticsolidsolution有序固溶体orderedsolidsolution无序固溶体disorderedsolidsolution固溶强化solidsolutionstrengthening取代型固溶体Substitutionalsolidsolutions过饱和固溶体supersaturatedsolidsolution非化学计量化合物Nonstoichiometriccompound材料科学基础专业词汇:第三章熔体结构熔体结构structureofmelt过冷液体supercoolingmelt玻璃态vitreousstate软化温度softeningtemperature粘度viscosity表面张力Surfacetension介稳态过渡相metastablephase组织constitution淬火quenching退火的softened玻璃分相phaseseparationinglasses体积收缩volumeshrinkage材料科学基础专业词汇:第四章固体的表面与界面表面surface界面interface同相界面homophaseboundary异相界面heterophaseboundary晶界grainboundary表面能surfaceenergy小角度晶界lowanglegrainboundary大角度晶界highanglegrainboundary共格孪晶界coherenttwinboundary晶界迁移grainboundarymigration错配度mismatch驰豫relaxation重构reconstuction表面吸附surfaceadsorption表面能surfaceenergy倾转晶界titltgrainboundary扭转晶界twistgrainboundary倒易密度reciprocaldensity共格界面coherentboundary半共格界面semi-coherentboundary非共格界面noncoherentboundary界面能interfacialfreeenergy应变能strainenergy晶体学取向关系crystallographicorientation惯习面habitplane材料科学基础专业词汇:第五章相图相图phasediagrams相phase组分component组元compoonent相律Phaserule投影图Projectiondrawing浓度三角形Concentrationtriangle冷却曲线Coolingcurve成分composition自由度freedom相平衡phaseequilibrium化学势chemicalpotential热力学thermodynamics相律phaserule吉布斯相律Gibbsphaserule自由能freeenergy吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy吉布斯混合能Gibbsenergyofmixing吉布斯熵Gibbsentropy吉布斯函数Gibbsfunction热力学函数thermodynamicsfunction热分析thermalanalysis过冷supercooling过冷度degreeofsupercooling杠杆定律leverrule相界phaseboundary相界线phaseboundaryline相界交联phaseboundarycrosslinking共轭线conjugatelines相界有限交联phaseboundarycrosslinking相界反应phaseboundaryreaction相变phasechange相组成phasecomposition共格相phase-coherent金相相组织phaseconstentuent相衬phasecontrast相衬显微镜phasecontrastmicroscope相衬显微术phasecontrastmicroscopy相分布phasedistribution相平衡常数phaseequilibriumconstant相平衡图phaseequilibriumdiagram相变滞后phasetransitionlag相分离phasesegregation相序phaseorder相稳定性phasestability相态phasestate相稳定区phasestabilerange相变温度phasetransitiontemperature相变压力phasetransitionpressure同质多晶转变polymorphictransformation同素异晶转变allotropictransformation相平衡条件phaseequilibriumconditions显微结构microstructures低共熔体eutectoid不混溶性immiscibility材料科学基础专业词汇:第六章扩散活化能activationenergy扩散通量diffusionflux浓度梯度concentrationgradient菲克第一定律Fick’sfirstlaw菲克第二定律Fick’ssecondlaw相关因子correlationfactor稳态扩散steadystatediffusion非稳态扩散nonsteady-statediffusion扩散系数diffusioncoefficient跳动几率jumpfrequency填隙机制interstitalcy