linguistic-universal-and-SLA

:ProcessingiscarriedoutinparallelratherthanseriallyAPDPmodelconsistsof'units'or'nodes'connectedinsuchawaythattheactivationofoneunitcaninhibitorexciteothersinvaryingdegrees.KnowledgeisviewedintermsofthemicrosturctureratherthanmacrostructureofcognitionProcessingisactivatedby'input'whichstimulatesoneormoreunitsandofcausetheirconnectionswithotherunits.Learningisaby-productofinformationprocessingThisprocessofadjustingconnectionstrengthsisgovernedby'learningrules'PDPmodelscangobeyondtheinputbymeansof'spontaneousgeneralization'PDPmodelsdisplay'emergentproperties'L/O/G/OLinguisticUniversalsandSLA:unrestricateduniversals,universaltendencies,implicationaluniversals,anduniversalhierarchies.Also,itprovidesaprincipledbasisfordeterminingthedegreeofrelativemarkednessofconnectedfeatures.typologicallymotivatedstudiesNegativeplacementPrepositionstrandingandpiedpipingRelativiation(1984b:142)alsofeelsthattypologicaluniversalsareoflimitedvalue--theoryofferlittlemorethana'acollectionofobservations',albit'concerningaratherwideassortmentofsyntacticphenomena'.Untilitispossibletodeterminetheprecisesourceofspecificuniversals,thetypologicalapproachwillnotbecapableofexplainingL2acquisition(1976:29).Inotherwords,itcomprisesaseriousoflingusticuniversals.Subsequently,Chomsky(1987a)characterizestheseuniversalsasconsistingofprinciplesandparameters.:referstoprinciplesthatvaryincertainrestrictedwaysfromonelanguagetoanother.Thatis,theytaketheformoffinitesetofopinionswhichindividuallanguagesdrawonandwhichdefinethevaritionpossiblebetweenlanguages.Parametershavetwoormoresettings,whichdifferentlanguagehasdifferentsetting.ThegoalofgenerativegrammaristoidentifytheprinciplesandparametersthatcompriseUGandtospecifywhichprinciplesandwhichparametersareoperativeinspecificlanguage:thosethataregovernedbyUG,whileperiphralfeaturesarethosethatarenot.Corefeaturesareconsideredunmarkedbecausetheyrequireminimalevidenceforacquisition,whereasperiphralfeaturesareconsideredmarkedbecausetheyneedmuchmoresubstantialevidence.Thedegreeofmarkednessofafeaturecanalsovarywithinthecore,dependingontheparametersettinginvolved.Parametersettingscanbeorderedaccordingtohowmarkedtheyare.﹖whatisthenatureofthechild's'experience'ofthetargetlanguage﹖whatdoestheLADconsistofthepovertyofthestimuluslanguagefaculty