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Rebellious&Experimental•FirstWorldWar•1920stheJazzAge/theRoaringAgeDisillusionmentofAmericanDreamtheLostGenerationF.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)“JazzAge”EarnestHemingway(1899-1961)“GraceunderPressure”•PoetryofImagismEzraPound(1885-1972)•MythofSouthWilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)“StreamofConsciousness”•1930stheeconomiccrisisRedRadicalRevolutionaryJohnSteinbeck(1902-1968)1900-19451945-2000•SecondWorldWar•1950sWarFictionBlackHumor•1960stheBeatGeneration•1970sMarginalizedliteraturesearchingforIdentity•JewishAmericanSaulBellow(1915-2005)•AfricanAmericanRalphEllison(1914-1994)•TonyMorrison(1931-)•ChineseAmericanMaxineHongKingston(1940-)•Womanliterature•1980sBridgebetweenSeriousandpopularliteratureMultiplicity&prosperityThe20thCenturyLiterature(1918—1939)(theModernPeriod,thePeriodofModernism)HistoricalBackground:•ImpactofIndustrialRevolutionandtheshockingwealthoftheAmericans•DisillusionmentcausedbyWWI(theLostGeneration,devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization)•SocialupheavalsbroughtaboutbytheGreatDepressionafterthe“Roaring20s”withitsextravagance,violenceandcorruption.•EffectofSigmundFreudPrewarPostwar•urbanism•Patriotismdisillusionment•Idealismdiscontentment•Enthusiasmdislocation•Heroismfragmentation•Urbanism•Awayoflifeassociatedwithurbandwelling.L.Wirth(Amer.Jour.Soc.1938)suggestedthaturbandwellersfollowadistinctlydifferentwayoflifefromruraldwellers.Physicalandsocialstimuliarehighandurbanresidentsmayreactbybecomingaloofandindifferentintheirrelationshipswithothers.Stressishigherthaninthecountry,andthisissaidtoaccountforhigherlevelsofmentalillnessandcrimeinthecity.Wirth'sargumentshavenotbeenempiricallyverified.•Spiritualwasteland•NietzschethedeathofGod•RussellAllhumaneffortsisfutileandleadstodespair.•Freud•peopleessentiallyhavenofreewillSigmundFreud(May6,1856–September23,1939),wasanAustrianphysicianwhofoundedthepsychoanalyticschoolofpsychology.•Freudhasbeeninfluentialintworelatedbutdistinctways.Hesimultaneouslydevelopedatheoryofhowthehumanmindisorganizedandoperatesinternally,andhowhumanbehaviorbothconditionsandresultsfromthisparticulartheoreticalunderstanding.Hetheorizedthatpersonalityisdevelopedbytheperson'schildhoodexperiences.TheUnconsciousPerhapsthemostsignificantcontributionFreudmadetoWesternthoughtwerehisargumentsconcerningtheimportanceoftheunconsciousmindinunderstandingconsciousthoughtandbehavior.Thewesternworldoverwhelminglysupportedpositivism实证主义upuntilFreud'stime-thebeliefthatself-knowledgeaswellasself-controlispossible.Freud,however,cameupwitharevolutionaryaswellascontroversialideabydeclaringthatpeopleessentiallyhavenofreewill.Diversityofvariousschoolsandliteraryideas1.Futurism:ashortlivedbutinfluentialliterarymovementwhichhad“speed,force,anddynamism”foritsprinciples.Futuristicstatue,paintingandbuilding:2.Expressionism:amovementdominantespeciallyinGermanpaintingsduringthedecadefollowingWWI.•Theexpressionistspresentintheirworksnotlifeasitappearsonthesurfacetothedispassionateeyes,butratherlifeashe(orhischaracters)passionatelyfeelsittobe.Expressionistpaintingsandabuilding:3.Dadaism:aninfantiletermchosenfirstbysomepaintersmeaning“meaningless”.Itadoptsanextremenegativeattitudetowardsculturaltraditionandreality,towardsartisticprinciplesandtowardsanysignificanceoflanguageandliteraryrepresentation.Theyliketousedreamwords,confusedlanguage,strangeandridiculousimages.After1924,itgraduallyturnedintosurrealisminFrance.•4.Surrealism:thesuccessorofDadaism.ItwasamovementespeciallyvigorousinFranceinthe1920sandthe1930sthatsoughttogobeyondthedomainusuallyconsidered“real”intothe“superreal”whichincludetheworldoftheunconscious---theworld,forexample,ofdreams.•Surrealistsholdthat“subconsciousworld---dreams,illusionsandinstinctsarespringsofcreation.Theyarehostiletorationality,middleclassidealsandartisticconventions.Itemphasizesspontaneity,feelingsandsincerity.(somewhatrelatedtoromanticism)5.Cubism:atermtakenfrompainting.Inliterature,itreferstothetechniqueofdislocationofrhythm,logic,wordsandsyntax---“thesubstitutionofthediscontinuousforthecontinuous.”6.Impressionism:thereproductionoftheimpressionsandfeelingsascene,event,objectorthelikehasstimulatedintheartistorthewriter.Cubism:8.HarlemRenaissance:TheHarlemRenaissanceisalsoknownasthe“BlackLiterature”.Inthe1920sandearly1930s,therewasanupsurgeoftheAfricanAmericanliterarymovementthatwascenteredintheHarlemneighborhoodofNewYorkCity.Agroupofintelligentblackwriters,withLangstonHughesasthecentralfigure,wroteabouttheblackpeople,reflectingthesufferingsandthetragiclotoftheblackpeople,condemningthecruelracialdiscrimination,advocatingtherevivaloftheblackpeople’sculture,praisingtheawakeningoftheblackpeople,andcallingforfreedomandequalityoftheblackpeople.9.Imagism•Apoeticmovementthatflourishedfrom1910to1917.ImagistwritersinAmericaandBritainsoughttousecommonspeechinpoetry,toregardalltheworldaspossiblesubjectmatter,topresentasharplyperceiveddetailinaconcentratedconcretevisualimage.•theirpoemsareshort,composedofshortlinesofmusicalcadenceratherthanmetricalregularity(freeverse),toavoidabstractionandtotrea