Unit1TheBurdenofWomanhood女人的负担ToooftenintheThirdWorld,afemale‟slifeishardlyworthliving.往往在第三世界,女性的生活几乎是不值得活的。By:JohnWardAnderson&MollyMoore约翰.沃德.安德森和莫莉.摩尔1.WhenRanireturnedhomefromthehospitalcradlinghernewborndaughter,themeninthefamilyslippedoutofhermudhutwhilesheandhermother-in-lawmashedpoisonousoleanderseedsintoadollopofoilanddroppeditintothebaby‟sthroat.Assoonasdarknessfell,Ranicreptintoanearbyfieldandburiedherbabygirlinashallow,unmarkedgravenexttoasmallstream.当拉尼抱着她刚出生的女儿从医院回到家时,男人们溜出了她的土屋,她和她的婆婆将有毒的夹竹桃种子捣碎成一团油,并将其塞到婴儿的喉咙里。夜幕一降临,拉尼就蹑手蹑脚地来到附近的一块土地,将她的女婴埋在一条小溪浅旁边的一个不深的、没有标记的坟墓内。2.“Ineverfeltanysorrow,”Rani,afarmlaborerwithaweather-beatenface,saidthroughaninterpreter.“Therewasalotofbitternessinmyhearttowardthebabybecausethegodsshouldhavegivenmeason.”“我从来没有感到任何悲哀”,脸部饱经风霜的拉尼通过翻译说,“我的心对孩子充满了辛酸,因为神本应该赐予我一个儿子”。3.EachyearhundredsandperhapsthousandsofnewborngirlsinIndiaaremurderedbytheirmotherssimplybecausetheyarefemale.Somewomenbelievethatsacrificingadaughterguaranteesasoninthenextpregnancy.Inothercases,thefamilycannotaffordthedowrythatwouldeventuallybedemandedforagirl‟smarriage.在印度每年有数百甚至数千名新生女婴被他们的母亲谋杀,只因为他们是女孩。有些妇女认为,牺牲一个女儿将保证下次怀孕是儿子。在其他情况下,家庭买不起女孩结婚时所需的嫁妆。4.Andformanymothers,sentencingadaughtertodeathisbetterthancondemninghertolifeasawomanintheThirdWorld,withcradle-to-gravediscrimination,poverty,sicknessanddrudgery.对于很多母亲而言,判处女儿死刑胜过让她在第三世界作为一个女人生活,经历一辈子的歧视、贫困、疾病和劳苦。5.WhilewomenintheUnitedStatesandEurope-----afterdecadesofstrugglingforequalrights----oftenmeasuresexdiscriminationbypayscalesandseatsincorporateboardrooms,womenintheThirdWorldgaugediscriminationbymortalityratesandpovertylevels.虽然欧美国家的妇女,在经过了几十年对平等权利的抗争之后,通常以工薪标准和董事会中的席位来衡量性别歧视,但第三世界的妇女以死亡率和贫困程度来衡量歧视。6.“Womenarethemostexploitedamongtheoppressed,”saysKaunaChananaAhmed,aNewDelhianthropologistwhohasstudiedtheroleofwomenindevelopingcountries.“Idon‟tthinkit‟sevenpossibletoeradicatediscrimination,it‟ssodeeplyingrained.”“妇女是最受压迫和剥削的”,研究妇女在发展中国家的地位的新德里的人类学家KarunaChananaAhmed说,“我认为消除歧视甚至是不可能的,因为歧视已经根深蒂固。”7.Thisisthefirstinaseriesthatwillexaminethelivesofwomenindevelopingcountriesaroundtheglobewhereculture,religionandthelawoftendeprivewomenofbasichumanrightsandsometimesrelegatethemtoalmostsubhumanstatus.FromSouthAmericatoSouthAsia,womenareoftensubjectedtoalifetimeofdiscriminationwithlittleornohopeofrelief.这是第一次系列地调查全世界范围内发展中国家妇女的生活,这些国家里的文化、宗教和法律常常剥夺妇女们的基本人权,并时常将她们归入几乎低于人类的地位。从南美到南亚,妇女通常遭受一生的歧视,很少或根本没有希望获得减轻。8.Aschildren,theyarefedless,deniededucationandrefusedhospitalization.Asteenagers,manyareforcedintomarriage,sometimesboughtandsoldlikeanimalsforprostitutionandslavelabor.Aswivesandmothers,theyareoftentreatedlittlebetterthanfarmhandsandbabymachines.Shouldtheyoutlivetheirhusbands,theyfrequentlyaredeniedinheritance,banishedfromtheirhomesandforcedtoliveasbeggarsonthestreets.作为孩子,她们被给予的食物少、被剥夺了教育,并被拒绝住院。作为青少年,许多人被迫结婚,有时像动物一样被买卖从事卖淫活动和辛苦的劳动。作为妻子和母亲,她们的待遇与雇农和婴儿机器相比没有区别。如果她们活得时间比她们的丈夫久,她们经常被拒绝继承遗产,被驱逐出她们的家园,被迫在大街上以乞讨为生。9.Although,theformsofdiscriminationvarytremendouslyamongregions,ethnicgroupsandagelevelsinthedevelopingworld.ShahlaZia,anattorneyandwomen‟sactivistinIslamabad,Pakistan,saysthereisatheme:”Overall,thereisasocialandculturalattitudewherewomenareinferior---anddiscriminationtendstostartatbirth.”巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡的律师和妇女活动家ShahlaZia说,虽然发展中国家不同地区、不同民族和不同年龄层次之间的歧视形式差异巨大,但存在一个统一的主题:“总的来说,在社会和文化的态度中妇女处于劣势,歧视往往从出生时开始。”10.SociologistsandgovernmentofficialsbegandocumentingsporadicexamplesoffemaleinfanticideinIndiaabout10yearsago.ThepracticeofkillingnewborngirlsislargelyaruralphenomenoninIndia;althoughitsextenthasnotbeendocumented,oneindicationcameinarecentsurveybytheCommunityServicesGuildofMadras,acityinTamilNadu.Ofthe1,250womenquestioned,thesurveyconcludedthatmorethanhalfhadkilledbabydaughters.大约10年前,社会学家和政府官员开始记录印度杀害女婴的零星的例子。在很大程度上,杀害新生女婴的做法是印度农村的现象,虽然其程度尚未记载,但泰米尔纳德邦马德拉斯社区服务协会的一项调查已经表明了这一点。在1250名被质疑的妇女中,调查得出的结论是,超过一半的妇女杀死了女婴。11.Inurbanareaseasieraccesstomodernmedicaltechnologyenableswomentoactbeforebirth.Throughamniocentesis,womencanlearnthesexofafetusandundergosex-selectiveabortions.AtoneclinicinBombay,of8,000abortionsperformedafteramniocentesis,7,999werefemalefetuses,accordingtoarecentreportbytheIndiangovernment.Tobesure,femaleinfanticidesandsex-selectiveabortionarenotuniquetoIndia.SocialworkersinotherSouthAsianstatesbelievethatsomecommunitiesalsocondonethepractice.在城市地区,更容易有机会享用现代医疗技术使女性在生产前采取措施。通过羊膜穿刺技术,女性可以知道胎儿的性别,从而进行性别选择性堕胎。根据印度政府最近的一份报告,在孟买的一家诊所内,8000名妇女在羊膜穿刺术之后进行了堕胎,其中7999名为女胎儿。诚然,杀死女婴和性别选择性堕胎不是印度独有的。南亚其他国家的社会工作者认为,一些社区甚至还纵容这种做法。12.Therootproblems,accordingtovillagewomen,sociologistsandotherexperts,areculturalandeconomic.InIndia,ayoungwomanisregardedasatemporarymemberofhernaturalfamilyandadrainonitswealth.Herparentsareconsideredcaretakerswhosemainresponsibilityistodeliverachastedaughter,alongwithasizabledowry,toherhusband‟sfamily.根据农村妇女、社会学家和其他专家的说法,根本问题是文化和经济。在印度,一名年轻女子只是被看成她出生家庭的临时成员,而且是对这个家庭的财力的一个极大的消耗。女孩的父母被认为是看管者,他们的主要职责是向其丈夫的家庭提供一个纯洁的女儿,以及可观的嫁妆。13.”Theysaybringingupagirlislikewateringaneighbor‟splant,”saysR.Venkatachalam,directoroftheCommunitySerivesGuildo